Cyber Criminology

353 Pages·2018·7.682 MB·English

by  Hamid Jahankhani

Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
Hamid Jahankhani Editor
Cyber
Criminology
Advanced Sciences and Technologies
for Security Applications
Serieseditor
AnthonyJ.Masys,AssociateProfessor,DirectorofGlobalDisasterManagement,
HumanitarianAssistanceandHomelandSecurity,UniversityofSouthFlorida,
Tampa,USA
AdvisoryBoard
GiselaBichler,CaliforniaStateUniversity,SanBernardino,CA,USA
ThirimachosBourlai,WVU-StatlerCollegeofEngineeringandMineral
Resources,Morgantown,WV,USA
ChrisJohnson,UniversityofGlasgow,UK
PanagiotisKarampelas,HellenicAirForceAcademy,Attica,Greece
ChristianLeuprecht,RoyalMilitaryCollegeofCanada,Kingston,ON,Canada
EdwardC.Morse,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA
DavidSkillicorn,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
YoshikiYamagata,NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies,Tsukuba,Japan
The series Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
comprises interdisciplinary research covering the theory, foundations and
domain-specific topics pertaining to security. Publications within the series are
peer-reviewedmonographsandeditedworksintheareasof:
– biological and chemical threat recognition and detection (e.g., biosensors,
aerosols,forensics)
– crisisanddisastermanagement
– terrorism
– cyber security and secure information systems (e.g., encryption, optical and
photonicsystems)
– traditionalandnon-traditionalsecurity
– energy,foodandresourcesecurity
– economicsecurityandsecuritization(includingassociatedinfrastructures)
– transnationalcrime
– humansecurityandhealthsecurity
– social,politicalandpsychologicalaspectsofsecurity
– recognition and identification (e.g., optical imaging, biometrics, authentication
andverification)
– smartsurveillancesystems
– applicationsoftheoreticalframeworksandmethodologies(e.g.,groundedtheory,
complexity,networksciences,modellingandsimulation)
Together, the high-quality contributions to this series provide a cross-disciplinary
overviewofforefrontresearchendeavoursaimingtomaketheworldasaferplace.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5540
Hamid Jahankhani
Editor
Cyber Criminology
123
Editor
HamidJahankhani
QAHEandNorthumbriaUniversityLondon
London,UK
ISSN1613-5113 ISSN2363-9466 (electronic)
AdvancedSciencesandTechnologiesforSecurityApplications
ISBN978-3-319-97180-3 ISBN978-3-319-97181-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97181-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018960872
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018
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Foreword
This book could not be more timely. Every day we learn of new developments in
artificial intelligence. The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a kind of parallel
universe. The skills of scientists and inventors have the capacity at their best to
enhanceandevenextendlives,toprovidenewabilitiesforpeoplewithdisabilities,
to make us all more inventive, to process in moments information that previously
challengedthebestmathematicalandstatisticalskillsandtodevelopandsatiateour
naturalcuriosity.
At the same time, we know that the same skills in advanced sciences and
technologies,ifmisused,willbetheinstrumentsofcrimeandevenoppression.Most
users of the Internet experience weekly, if not daily, attacks on their privacy and
financialintegrity,evenontheirveryidentity.Dataisminedandmisused.Sexually
motivatedgrooming,bullying,victimisationandterroristradicalisationbecomeever
more methodical and concealed. Like-minded criminals congregate on the Dark
Web, using difficult to detect pseudonyms and acronyms, and often impenetrable
security,toachievetheirpurposes.
The benefits of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things can be reaped
beneficially only if sown securely; and the online world has not yet the power or
creatormotivationtosecureitself.
Nowhere have the challenges been demonstrated more clearly than in the
efforts of the State to counter terrorism propagated on the Internet. Such has been
the impact of radicalising websites, whether for violent Islamism or right-wing
extremism, that the authorities are now removing tens of thousands of such sites
everymonth.Althoughthatbattleisbeingwon,thisishappeningbyattrition,with
thenetlossofsuchsitesoccurringataworryinglyslowpace.
Cybercrimeishavinganevengreaterimpactthanterrorismonthegeneralpublic.
Daily attacks are made on electricity and other energy suppliers, banks, law firms
andaccountants,privatecompanies,medicalrecordsandothercaches ofevidence
ofhumanactivity.Evenkeepingpacewiththeoperationalrangeofcybercrimeisa
hugelyexpensiveendeavour.
v
vi Foreword
This book provides instructive guidance for readers interested in tackling these
huge,contemporaryproblems.Itexplainsthecriminologicalcontextofcybercrime.
Itdemonstratesthementalandphysicalcomponentsthatarerequiredforreadersto
understand cybercrime. It deals with the psychology of cyber criminals, analysing
the motives which move them and the methodologies that they adopt. It sets out
the intelligence networks that are used to bring together information about crime
fallingintothisexponentiallygrowingcategory.ItexplainsthepoweroftheStateto
interveneinprivatedataforthedetectionofcrimeandtheprotectionofthepublic.
Also,itteachesreadersofthelegalprotectionsofconfidentiality,theextentofthose
protectionsandtheextentandlimitsofdataprotectionlegislation.
Thecategoriesofcrimedescribedinthebookareverywide.Theyareeverybit
aspsychologicallycomplexasoffencesof,forexample,murderandmanslaughter.
The extensive written or graphic evidential material comprising the actus reus of
such crimes tells us much about the nature of the criminals who are undermining
thebenefitsoftheelectronicworldbyabusingAIandIOT.
Theavailableevidenceoftenisofakindanalogoustothatusedbypsychiatrists
andpsychologistsinanalysingmentalhealth,motiveandlossofcontrolincrimes
ofviolence.Thebookexplainshowsuchanalysiscanbeusedinunderstandingand
therebydetectingtheperpetratorsofcrimesagainstconfidentialityandsafetyonthe
Internet. The text will prove instructive to police and other regulatory authorities
intheirpursuitofcybercrime.Itwillalsobeespeciallyvaluablefortheincreasing
numberoforganisationswillingtotakeprivateprosecutionsagainstperpetrators,in
cases in which the State does not act because of resource limitations. Deductive,
psychologicallytrainedreasoningshouldenablethedetectionofmanycriminalsin
thisrange.
For AI and IoT to benefit society, it needs to be policed. That policing must
be conducted in a strictly ethical context, proportionate and in the overall public
interest. The ethical base must be founded on high-quality training, education and
awarenessforallthosewhocarryoutthepolicing–justasethicalparametersshould
besetoutduringeducationandtrainingforthosewhoarelearninghowtousethe
advancedsciencesandtechnologiesunderdiscussion.
Further,itisjustasimportantforsafetytobeawatchwordinthisvirtualworld
asitisinthephysicalworld–aswhenweteachourchildrenacrosstheroadorto
besafeintheirteenagelives.
Thepotentialfortechnologytocauseorcontributetoseriousmentalillness,lack
of confidence and economic failure cannot be exaggerated; just as its potential to
create great happiness and economic and professional success knows almost no
bounds.
This book will provide professionals, teachers and students alike with an
excellentreferenceguideforthemulti-facetedissueswhichwillcometheirwayin
dealingwithadvancedtechnologiesintheyearstocome.Justastherearestandard
worksoncriminallaw,familylawandthelawoftort,equallytherewillhavetobe
standardreferencevolumesonlawfulandunlawfulactivitiesinthevirtualworld.I
believethatthisvolumeisoneofthefirstofsuchworksandpromisesgreatbenefit.
Foreword vii
Inaddition,itprovidesanunderstandingofthepotentialofthecriminalandcivil
jurisdiction in protecting the public from the kinds of crime under contemplation.
There is bound to be an ever-increasing number of cases brought before courts,
as dividing lines are set concerning the acceptability or otherwise of questioned
behaviours.
This is new territory for the judiciary too. Some judges are technically very
proficient, whilst others less so. Non-specialist judges, including lay magistrates,
will have to be able to deal with these issues. All would be well advised to read
this important work. It will provide them with the full necessary background and
answerstomanyofthespecificproblemsthattheywillencounter.
In the years to come, we will be grateful for the impetus given in this area of
thelawbyProf.Jahankhaniandhiscolleagueswhohavecontributedtothewidely
rangingchaptersinthiswork.
June2018 LordAlexCarlileofBerriewCBEQC
Contents
PartI CyberCriminologyandPsychology
CrimeandSocialMedia:LegalResponses toOffensiveOnline
CommunicationsandAbuse.................................................... 3
OriolaSallavaci
Explaining Why Cybercrime Occurs: Criminological
andPsychologicalTheories ..................................................... 25
LorettaJ.StalansandChristopherM.Donner
CyberAggressionandCyberbullying:WideningtheNet ................... 47
JohnM.Hyland,PaulineK.Hyland,andLucieCorcoran
PartII Cyber-ThreatLandscape
Policies,InnovativeSelf-AdaptiveTechniquesandUnderstanding
PsychologyofCybersecuritytoCounterAdversarialAttacksin
NetworkandCyberEnvironments............................................. 71
RezaMontasari,AminHosseinian-Far,andRichardHill
TheDarkWeb.................................................................... 95
PeterLarsDordal
TorBlackMarkets:Economics,CharacterizationandInvestigation
Technique ......................................................................... 119
GianluigiMeandLiberatoPesticcio
ANewScalableBotnetDetectionMethodintheFrequencyDomain...... 141
GiovanniBottazzi,GiuseppeF.Italiano,andGiuseppeG.Rutigliano
PartIII CybercrimeDetection
Predicting the Cyber Attackers; A Comparison of Different
ClassificationTechniques........................................................ 169
SinaPournouri,ShahrzadZargari,andBabakAkhgar
ix
x Contents
CrimeDataMining,ThreatAnalysisandPrediction........................ 183
Maryam Farsi, Alireza Daneshkhah, Amin Hosseinian-Far,
OmidChatrabgoun,andRezaMontasari
SMERF:SocialMedia,EthicsandRiskFramework ........................ 203
IanMitchell,TraceyCockerton,SukhvinderHara,andCarlEvans
UnderstandingtheCyber-VictimisationofPeoplewithLongTerm
Conditions and the Need for Collaborative Forensics-Enabled
DiseaseManagementProgrammes............................................. 227
Zhraa A. Alhaboby, Doaa Alhaboby, Haider M. Al-Khateeb,
GregoryEpiphaniou,DhouhaKbaier BenIsmail,HamidJahankhani,
andPrashantPillai
AnInvestigator’sChristmasCarol:Past,Present,andFutureLaw
EnforcementAgencyDataMiningPractices.................................. 251
JamesA.Sherer,NicholeL.Sterling,LaszloBurger,MeribethBanaschik,
andAmieTaal
DaP∀: Deconstruct and Preserve for All: A Procedure for the
Preservation of Digital Evidence on Solid State Drives and
TraditionalStorageMedia...................................................... 275
IanMitchell,JosuéFerriera,TharmilaAnandaraja,andSukhvinderHara
PartIV Education, Training and Awareness in Cybercrime
Prevention
An Examination into the Effect of Early Education on Cyber
SecurityAwarenessWithintheU.K............................................ 291
TimothyBrittan,HamidJahankhani,andJohnMcCarthy
An Examination into the Level of Training, Education
and Awareness Among Frontline Police Officers in Tackling
CybercrimeWithintheMetropolitanPoliceService......................... 307
HomanForouzan,HamidJahankhani,andJohnMcCarthy
CombatingCyberVictimisation:CybercrimePrevention................... 325
AbdelrahmanAbdallaAl-Ali,AmerNimrat,andChafikaBenzaid
InformationSecurityLandscapeinVietnam:InsightsfromTwo
ResearchSurveys................................................................. 341
Mathews Nkhoma, Duy Dang Pham Thien, Tram Le Hoai,
andClaraNkhoma