Cutting transport CO₂ : what progress?.

266 Pages·2007·2.546 MB·English

by  OECD

EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT
CUTTING
TRANSPORT
CO EMISSIONS
2
WHAT
PROGRESS?
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This report reviews the progress U
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OECD and ECMT countries
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have made in reducing transport I
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sector CO emissions and makes G
2

recommendations for the focus of future T CUTTING
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policies. It analyses over 400 abatement
A
measures introduced or under development. N
S
P
TRANSPORT
Despite signifi cant efforts on the part of O
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some countries, transport CO emissions
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have increased steadily over the last ten years.
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Slowing the growth of these emissions will O CO EMISSIONS
2
require more government action and an
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increasingly pro-active role from transport M
sector industries. The report identifi es IS
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the policies most likely to be effective and I
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underlines the importance of energy
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effi ciency improvements for cost effective S WHAT
action on global warming.
PROGRESS?
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(75 2007 01 1 P) ISBN 92-821-0382-X 2007

EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT
CUTTING
TRANSPORT
CO EMISSIONS
2
WHAT
PROGRESS?
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT (ECMT)
The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) is an inter-governmental organisation
established by a Protocol signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953. It comprises the Ministers of
Transport of 44 full Member countries: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
FRYMacedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. There are seven
Associate member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand and the United States)
and one Observer country (Morocco).
The ECMT is a forum in which Ministers responsible for transport, and more specifically the inland
transport, can co-operate on policy. Within this forum, Ministers can openly discuss current problems
and agree upon joint approaches aimed at improving the use and ensuring the rational development of
European transport systems.
At present, ECMT has a dual role. On one hand it helps to create an integrated transport system
throughout the enlarged Europe that is economically efficient and meets environmental and safety
standards. In order to achieve this, ECMT assists in building bridges between the European Union and
the rest of the European continent at a political level. On the other hand, ECMT also develops reflections
on long-term trends in the transport sector and, more specifically, studies the implications of
globalisation on transport.
In January 2004, the ECMT and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) brought together their transport research capabilities by establishing the Joint Transport
Research Centre. The Centre conducts co-operative research programmes that address all modes of
inland transport and their intermodal linkages to support policy-making throughout Member countries.
Ministers at their Dublin Council in May 2006 agreed a major reform of ECMT designed to transform
the organisation into a more global body dealing with all modes of transport. This new international
transport forum will aim to attract greater attention to transport policy issues, and will hold one major
annual event involving Ministers and key sectoral actors on themes of strategic importance.
Also available in French under the title:
Transports et émissions de CO2
Quels progrès ?
Further information about the ECMT is available on Internet at the following address:
www.cemt.org
© ECMT 2007 – ECMT Publications are distributed by: OECD Publishing
2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ECMT is grateful for the assistance of Philip Watson in undertaking the analysis for this report,
to NERA and Zsofia Sziranyi for preparing national profiles and to the FIA Foundation for the
Automobile and Society for their support of the work. The report was prepared by the ECMT Group
on Transport and the Environment in co-operation with the OECD Environment Policy Committee’s
Working Group on Transport.
CUTTING TRANSPORT CO2 EMISSIONS: WHAT PROGRESS? - ISBN 92-821-0382-X - © ECMT 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS - 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Summary and Conclusions...................................................................................................7
2. Introduction............................................................................................................................15
2.1 Climate change.....................................................................................................................16
2.2 The international policy context........................................................................................17
2.3 Transport sector CO emissions.........................................................................................21
2
2.4 How much should the transport sector contribute?.........................................................28
2.5 ECMT’s previous work on climate change......................................................................32
2.6 Outline of report...................................................................................................................33
3. The mechanisms for reducing transport sector CO emissions..................................35
2
3.1 Policies by impact type.......................................................................................................36
3.2 Policy strengths and weaknesses by impact type............................................................36
3.3 The policy approach............................................................................................................48
4. Review of Member countries’ policies..............................................................................51
4.1 Results at an OECD / ECMT level....................................................................................52
4.2 Country level progress........................................................................................................53
4.3 Analysis of policies by impact type..................................................................................58
4.4 Performance of policies implemented..............................................................................60
5. Policy options for the future...............................................................................................67
5.1 Differentiated vehicle taxation...........................................................................................68
5.2 Regulatory and voluntary fuel efficiency standards........................................................72
5.3 Regulatory and voluntary fuel efficiency standards for vehicle components..............74
5.4 Reducing emissions from road freight..............................................................................77
5.5 Urban Policies – Integration of spatial planning and transport policies,
modal shift, walking and cycling and land value taxation.............................................79
5.6 Biofuels.................................................................................................................................81
5.7 Carbon taxes and emissions trading systems...................................................................89
5.8 Aviation.................................................................................................................................90
5.9 Maritime shipping................................................................................................................92
5.10 Hydrogen..............................................................................................................................94
6. Summary of Country Policies and Measures.................................................................99
6.1 The transport sector CO abatement policies and measures database........................100
2
6.2 National transport sector CO abatement policies and measures database................104
2
Annex 1. National transport sector and CO emissions data...................................................171
2
Annex 2. Fuel tax data..................................................................................................................219
Annex 3. Declaration on reducing CO emissions from passenger vehicles in ECMT
2
countries........................................................................................................................257
References........................................................................................................................................261
CUTTING TRANSPORT CO2 EMISSIONS: WHAT PROGRESS? - ISBN 92-821-0382-X - © ECMT 2007

1. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

CUTTING TRANSPORT CO2 EMISSIONS: WHAT PROGRESS? - ISBN 92-821-0382-X - © ECMT 2007
8 - SUMMARY AND CONCULSIONS

Introduction
This report reviews the progress ECMT and OECD countries have made in reducing transport
sector CO emissions and makes recommendations for the focus of future policies. National
2
communications under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and other recent policy
statements were used to assemble a database of over 400 abatement policies introduced or under
development. This reveals that transport sector CO emissions steadily increased over the last ten years
2
despite significant efforts to cut them in some countries. Assuming real household disposable incomes
continue to grow at a faster rate than the real cost of transport this trend is likely to continue. Slowing
the growth of transport sector CO emissions would require more government action and an
2
increasingly pro-active role from transport sector industries in improving energy efficiency.
Figure 1.1. OECD/ECMT transport sector emissions and
the potential impact of policies identified
66,,000000
55,,000000
22
OO 44,,000000 770000 MMtt CCOO
CC 22
f f
oo
s s
ee
nn 33,,000000
nn
oo
tt
n n TThhee 440000 ttrraannssppoorrtt mmeeaassuurreess aaddoopptteedd
oo
illiilli 22,,000000 ssoo ffaarr sshhoouulldd ssaavvee 770000 MMtt CCOO22 iinn 22001100
MM
11,,000000
IIEEAA pprroojjeeccttiioonn ooff ttrraannssppoorrtt eemmiissssiioonnss
--
00 22 44 66 88 00 22 44 66 88 00 22 44 66 88 00 22 44 66 88 00
99 99 99 99 99 00 00 00 00 00 11 11 11 11 11 22 22 22 22 22 33
99 99 99 99 99 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
11 11 11 11 11 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Source: ECMT, based on World Energy Outlook 2004, IEA.
Analysis of the database suggests that measures so far adopted might cut 700 million tonnes from
annual CO emissions by 2010, just over half the projected increase in emissions between 1990 and
2
2010. The accompanying figure gives a crude indication of the significance of these savings, although
some of the measures identified may have been included in the business as usual projection shown and
the slope of the curve incorporating CO savings is difficult to determine. Based on an analysis of the
2
policies reported by national governments, official assessments of the effectiveness of national
policies, and the more theoretical considerations examined in this report, the following conclusions are
drawn.
CUTTING TRANSPORT CO2 EMISSIONS: WHAT PROGRESS? - ISBN 92-821-0382-X - © ECMT 2007