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c u r r e n t t h e r a p y i n va s c u l a r a n d e n d o va s c u l a r s u r g e r y 5 th e d i t i o n J C. s , mD ames tanley Handleman Professor of Surgery Director, Frankel Cardiovascular Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan F J. V , mD rank eith Professor of Surgery New York University New York, New York; Professor of Surgery and William J. von Liebig Chair in Vascular Surgery Cleveland Clinic and Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve Cleveland, Ohio t W. W , mD homas akeFielD Stanley Professor of Surgery Head, Section of Vascular Surgery Frankel Cardiovascular Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 Current Therapy in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Fifth Edition ISBN: 978-1-4557-0984-7 Copyright © 2014 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Current therapy in vascular surgery (Ernst) Current therapy in vascular and endovascular surgery / [edited by] James C. Stanley, Frank J. Veith, Thomas W. Wakefield. -- 5th edition. p. ; cm. Preceded by: Current therapy in vascular surgery / editors, Calvin B. Ernst, James C. Stanley. 4th ed. 2001. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4557-0984-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. Stanley, James C., editor of compilation. II. Veith, Frank J., 1931- editor of compilation. III. Wakefield, Thomas W., editor of compilation. IV. Title. [DNLM: 1. Vascular Surgical Procedures. WG 170] RD598.5 617.4'13--dc23 2014002164 Executive Content Strategist: Michael Houston Content Development Specialist: Laura Schmidt Publishing Services Manager: Deborah L. Vogel Project Manager: John W. Gabbert Designer: Steve Stave Cover image from Computed Tomography and Computed Tomographic Arteriography in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms chapter by Roy K. Greenberg. Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 c o n t r i b u t o r s Jihad Abbas, MD, FACS Jose I. Almeida, MD, FACS, RPVI, RVT Enrico Ascher, MD Vascular Surgeon Voluntary Associate Professor Chief, Vascular and Endovascular The University of Toledo Medical Center Department of Surgery Surgery Toledo, Ohio University of Miami-Jackson Memorial Lutheran Medical Center Hospital; Brooklyn, New York Ali F. AbuRahma, MD Medical Director, Vascular Surgery Professor of Surgery Miami Vein Center Joseph C. Babrowicz Jr., MD Chief, Vascular & Endovascular Surgery Miami, Florida Assistant Professor of Surgery Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center Division of Vascular Surgery, Department West Virginia University Daniel M. Alterman, MD of Surgery Charleston, West Virginia Vascular Surgery Fellow George Washington University Division of Vascular Surgery Washington, DC Shadi J. Abu-Hamilah, MD The University of Tennessee Graduate Vascular Surgeon School of Medicine Dennis F. Bandyk, MD Charleston Area Medical Center Knoxville, Tennessee Section Chief Department of Vascular and Endovascular Charleston, West Virginia Parth B. Amin, MD Surgery Charles W. Acher, MD Department of Surgery University of California San Diego Professor University of Iowa San Diego, California Department of Surgery Carver College of Medicine Donal T. Baril, MD University of Wisconsin Iowa City, Iowa Vascular Surgeon Madison, Wisconsin Javier E. Anaya-Ayala, MD University of Pittsburgh Physicians Mark A. Adelman, MD Vascular Research Fellow Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Chief, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Hisham S. Bassiouny, MD, FACS Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center Director, Vascular Surgery and NYU Langone Medical Center Endotherapy The Methodist Hospital New York, New York Dar Al Fouad Hospital Houston, Texas Giza, Egypt Ibrahim Akin, MD, PhD George Andros, MD Department of Medicine Charudatta Bavare, MD, MPH Medical Director Division of Cardiology at the University Fellow Hospital Rockstock Amputation Prevention Center Department of Vascular Surgery Rockstock, Germany Valley Presbyterian Hospital Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Van Nuys, California Center Cary W. Akins, MD Houston, Texas Cardiac Surgeon Margaret W. Arnold, MD Massachusetts General Hospital Assistant Professor of Surgery and Radiology B. Timothy Baxter, MD, FACS Boston, Massachusetts Department of Surgery Professor Mount Sinai School of Medicine Department of Surgery Matthew T. Allemang, MD New York, New York Division of General Surgery - Vascular Division of Vascular Surgery and Surgery Endovascular Therapy Shipra Arya, MD University of Nebraska Medical Department of General Surgery Assistant Professor of Surgery and Center University Hospitals of Case Medical Endovascular Therapy Omaha, Nebraska Center Emory University Cleveland, Ohio Atlanta, Georgia v vi CONTRIBUTORS Mazen Bazzi, DO John D. Bisognano, MD, PhD Matthew J. Bown, MB BCh, MD Vascular Surgeon Professor of Medicine Senior Lecturer in Vascular Surgery St. John Providence Health System University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Detroit, Michigan Rochester, New York University of Leicester Leicester, United Kingdom Adam W. Beck, MD Haraldur Bjarnason, MD Vascular Surgeon Professor of Radiology David C. Brewster, MD University of Florida Health Division of Vascular and Inerventional Clinical Professor of Surgery Gainesville, Florida Radiology Harvard Medical School Mayo Clinic Division of Vascular and Endovascular Ronald J. Belczyk, DPM Rochester, Minnesota Surgery Co-director Massachusetts General Hospital Amputation Prevention Center John Blebea, MD, MBA Boston, Massachusetts Valley Presbyterian Hospital Professor of Surgery Van Nuys, California Chair, Department of Surgery Robert D. Brook, MD University of Oklahoma Associate Professor, Department of Internal Michael Belkin, MD Tulsa, Oklahoma Medicine Division Chief Frankel Cardiovascular Center Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Aaron S. Blom, DO, MBA University of Michigan Brigham & Women's Hospital Clinical Fellow Ann Arbor, Michigan Boston, Massachusetts Vascular Surgery Pennsylvania Hospital Thomas E. Brothers, MD Phillip J. Bendick, PhD Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor of Surgery Technical Director Medical University of South Carolina Peripheral Vascular Diagnostic Center Cristal Boatright, MMS, PA-C Chief of Vascular Surgery Beaumont Health System Director Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Royal Oak, Michigan Nuvena Vein Center Affairs Medical Center Fort Wayne, Indiana Charleston, South Carolina Rodney P. Bensley, MD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Timothy W. Bodnar, MD Jack Brownrigg, MD, ChB Harvard Medical School Fellow Academic Clinical Fellow, Vascular Surgery Boston, Massachusetts Department of Internal Medicine St George's Vascular Institute Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, St George's Hospital Scott A. Berceli, MD, PhD and Diabetes London, United Kingdom Professor of Surgery University of Michigan Department of Surgery Ann Arbor, Michigan Jan S. Brunkwall, MD, PhD University of Florida Professor Amman Bolia, MBChB, DMRD Chief, Vascular Surgery Chairman, Department of Vascular Surgery Consultant Vascular Radiologist North Florida/South Georgia Veterans University of Cologne Health System Department of Imaging and Interventions Cologne, Germany Gainesville, Florida University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust Keith D. Calligaro, MD David Bergqvist, MS, PhD Leicester, United Kingdom Clinical Professor of Surgery Professor Emeritus University of Pennsylvania School of Balasz Botos, MD Department of Surgical Sciences Medicine Department of Vascular and Endovascular Section of Surgery Chief, Section of Vascular Surgery Surgery Uppsala University Pennsylvania Hospital Klinikum Nürnberg Süd Uppsala, Sweden Clinical Professor of Surgery Nürnberg, Germany Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Ramon Berguer, MD, PhD Thomas C. Bower, MD Frankel Professor of Vascular Surgery Richard P. Cambria, MD Professor of Surgery Frankel Cardiovascular Center Chief, Division of Vascular and Mayo Medical School; University of Michigan Endovascular Surgery Ann Arbor, Michigan Chair, Department of Vascular and Department of Surgery Endovascular Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital Todd L. Berland, MD Mayo Clinic Boston, Massachusetts Department of Surgery Rochester, Minnesota New York University Medical Center New York, New York CONTRIBUTORS vii James E. Carpenter, MD Catherine K. Chang, MD Anthony J. Comerota, MD Professor and Chair Assistant Professor of Surgery Adjunct Professor of Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Florida Health Vascular Surgery University of Michigan Gainesville, Florida University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan; Kristofer M. Charlton-Ouw, MD, Director, Jobst Vascular Center Jeffrey P. Carpenter, MD FACS The Toledo Hospital Professor and Chairman Assistant Professor Toledo, Ohio Department of Surgery Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Michael S. Conte, MD University of Texas Medical School Camden, New Jersey Professor at Houston Chief, Division of Vascular and Endovascu- Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Robert Carter, MD lar Surgery Institute – Texas Medical Center Assistant Professor of Surgery University of California, San Francisco Houston, Texas University of Missouri San Francisco, California Kansas City, Missouri Kenneth J. Cherry, MD Joseph S. Coselli, MD Division of Vascular and Endovascular Sherrie Cavanaugh, MD Professor and Cullen Foundation Endowed Surgery Resident Chair University of Virginia Department of Surgery Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Charlottesville, Virginia Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery Los Angeles, California Kyung J. Cho, MD Baylor College of Medicine; Chief, Section of Adult Cardiac Surgery Martel Professor of Radiology Neal S. Cayne, MD The Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Department of Radiology Associate Professor of Surgery Episcopal Hospital, Frankel Cardiovascular Center New York University Houston, Texas University of Michigan Director, Endovascular Surgery Ann Arbor, Michigan Enrique Criado, MD Department of Vascular Surgery Pfeifer Professor of Surgery New York University Medical Center M. Chung Section of Vascular Surgery New York, New York Resident Frankel Cardiovascular Center Brooklyn Hospital Center Rabih A. Chaer, MD, MSc University of Michigan New York, New York Assistant Professor of Surgery Ann Arbor, Michigan Division of Vascular Surgery Timothy A.M. Chuter, BM, DM Jack L. Cronenwett, MD The University of Pittsburgh School Professor of Surgery of Medicine Department of Vascular Surgery Division of Vascular Surgery Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center University of California San Francisco Lebanon, New Hampshire San Francisco, California Ronil V. Chandra, MMed Interventional Neuroradiology Unit Ronald L. Dalman, MD G. Patrick Clagett, MD Department of Diagnostic Imaging Professor of Surgery Division of Vascular and Endovascular Monash Medical Centre Surgery Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Melbourne, Australia Department of Surgery Stanford University The University of Texas Southwestern Alexander T. Chang, MD Medical Center Dallas Stanford, California Fellow Dallas, Texas Michael C. Dalsing, MD Department of Vascular Surgery Director of Vascular Surgery University Hospitals of Case Medical Daniel G. Clair, MD Center Department of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland Clinic Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana Cleveland, Ohio Benjamin B. Chang, MD Associate Professor of Surgery Dawn M. Coleman, MD R. Clement Darling III, MD Albany Medical College Assistant Professor Professor of Surgery Albany, New York Section of Vascular Surgery Albany Medical Center; Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery Frankel Cardiovascular Center Albany Medical Center University of Michigan Albany, New York Ann Arbor, Michigan viii CONTRIBUTORS Narasimham L. Dasika, MD Matthew J. Dougherty, MD Jonathan L. Eliason, MD Associate Professor Clinical Professor of Surgery Associate Professor Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Lindenauer Professor of Surgery Frankel Cardiovascular Center Pennsylvania Hospital Section of Vascular Surgery University of Michigan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Frankel Cardiovascular Center Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Michigan Paul J. Dougherty, MD Ann Arbor, Michigan Alun H. Davies, MA, DM Clinical Associate Professor Professor Orthopaedic Surgery Jennifer Ellis, MD Department of Vascular Surgery Wayne State University Associate Professor of Surgery Imperial College Heathcare Detroit, Michigan; University of Rochester Medical Center London, United Kingdom Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor Rochester, New York Orthopaedic Surgery Mark G. Davies, MD, PhD University of Michigan Eric D. Endean, MD Weill Medical College at Cornell University Ann Arbor, Michigan Professor New York, New York; Department of Surgery Senior Investigator Maciej Dryjsk, MD, PhD University of Kentucky The Methodist Hospital Research Associate Professor Lexington, Kentucky Institute Department of Surgery Houston, Texas Buffalo General Medical Center Tod C. Engelhardt, MD Buffalo, New York Associate Professor of Surgery Gert Jan de Borst, MD, PhD Department of Thoracic surgery Department of Vascular Surgery Yazan Duwayri, MD Tulane University Medical School University Medical Center Assistant Professor New Orleans, Louisiana; Utrecht, Netherlands Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Chairman Therapy Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Ralph G. DePalma, MD, FACS Emory University School of Medicine East Jefferson General Hospital Professor of Surgery Atlanta, Georgia Metairie, Louisiana Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Kathryn S. Dyhdalo, MD Sean J. English, MD Bethesda, Maryland; Fellow Resident Special Operations Officer Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department of Surgery Office of Research and Development Cleveland Clinic University of Michigan Department of Veterans Affairs Cleveland, Ohio Ann Arbor, Michigan Washington, DC Kim Eagle, MD Guillermo A. Escobar, MD Florian Dick, MD Albion Walter Hewlett Professor of Internal Assistant Professor of Surgery Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Swiss Cardiovascular Center Chief, Clinical Cardiovascular Medicine Little Rock, Arkansas University Hospital Director, Frankel Cardiovascular Center Berne, Switzerland University of Michigan Mark K. Eskandari, MD Ann Arbor, Michigan Vascular Surgeon Manuel Doblas, MD Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Vascular Surgeon John F. Eidt, MD Northwestern Memorial Hospital Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo Greenville Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois Toledo, Spain Greenville, South Carolina Anthony L. Estrera, MD Konstantinos P. Donas, MD, PhD Bo G. Eklof, MD, PhD Professor Department of Vascular Surgery Emeritus Professor Chief, Division of Adult Cardiac Surgery St. Franziskus Hospital Münster Department of Surgery Department of Cardiothoracic and Münster University Hospital University of Hawaii Vascular Surgery Münster, Germany Honolulu, Hawaii University of Texas Medical School at Houston Qian Dong, MD Steve Elias, MD Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Assistant Professor of Radiology Director, Division of Vascular Surgery Vein Institute – Texas Medical Center University of Michigan Health System Programs Houston, Texas Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Vascular Surgery Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York CONTRIBUTORS ix Andres Fajardo, MD Juan Fontcuberta, MD, PhD Jonathan P. Gertler, MD, MBA Assistant Professor of Surgery Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Senior Partner Vascular Surgery Hospital de la Zarzuela y Hospital de la Back Bay Life Science Advisors Indiana University Moraleja. Sanitas - Madrid Boston, Massachussets; Section Chief, Vascular Surgery Madrid, Spain Lecturer Wishard Memorial Hospital Massachusetts Institute of Technology Charles J. Fox, MD Indianapolis, Indianapolis Cambridge, Massachussets Associate Professor of Surgery Grant T. Fankhauser, MD Department of Surgery Bruce L. Gewertz, MD Instructor in Surgery Uniformed Services University of the Chair and Vice-President of Interventional Department of Surgery Health Sciences Services Division of Vascular Surgery Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Surgery Mayo Clinic Arizona Chief, Vascular Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Scottsdale, Arizona Department of Surgery Los Angeles, California Denver Health Medical Center Mark A. Farber, MD Denver, Colorado Roma Gianchandani, MD Professor Clinical Assistant Professor Departments of Radiology and Surgery Marc Friedman, MD Department of Internal Medicine Director, Aortic Disease Management Senior Radiologist University of Michigan University of North Carolina School of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan Medicine Los Angeles, California Chapel Hill, North Carolina Peter Gloviczki, MD James B. Froehlich, MD, MPH Joe M. and Ruth Roberts Professor of Peter L. Faries, MD Director, Vascular Medicine Surgery Franz W. Sichel Professor of Surgery Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Medical School Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery Department of Internal Medicine Chair Emeritus Mount Sinai School of Medicine Frankel Cardiovascular Center Division of Vascular and Endovascular New York, New York University of Michigan Surgery Ann Arbor, Michigan Mayo Clinic Steven M. Farley, MD Rochester, Minnesota Vascular Surgery Santhi K. Ganesh, MD University of California Los Angeles Assistant Professor Manj S. Gohel, MD, FRCS Los Angeles, California Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Honorary Clinical Lecturer Department of Internal Medicine Department of Surgery and Cancer Robert J. Feezor, MD Frankel Cardiovascular Center Imperial College London Vascular Surgeon University of Michigan Department of Vascular Surgery University of Florida Health Ann Arbor, Michigan Imperial Vascular Unit Gainesville, Florida St. Mary's Hospital Nitin Garg, MD London, United Kingdom Cindy L. Felty, MSN Assistant Professor of Surgery Director, Vascular Ulcer/Wound Healing Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Mitchell H. Goldman, MD Clinic Winston-Salem, North Carolina Professor and Chairman Gonda Vascular Center Department of Surgery Rochester, Minnesota Nicholas J. Gargiulo, III, MD Assistant Dean for Research Professor of Surgery The University of Tennessee Graduate D. Preston Flanigan, MD Associate Chief of Vascular Surgery School of Medicine Medical Director Hofstra University School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee St. Joseph Hospital Vascular Institute and New York Institute of Osteopathic Orange, California Medicine Jerry Goldstone, MD Professor Emeritus Albert Einstein College Professor William R. Flinn, MD of Medicine Department of Surgery Professor of Surgery New York, New York Case Western Reserve University Division of Vascular Surgery Chief Emeritus, Vascular Surgery & University of Maryland Brandon T. Garland, MD Endovascular Therapy Baltimore, Maryland Resident University Hospitals of Case Medical University of Washington Medicine Center Mikkel Fode, MD Department of Surgery Cleveland, Ohio Faculty of Health Science Seattle, Washington University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark x CONTRIBUTORS Wadi Gomero-Cure, MD Maura Griffin, PhD Norman R. Hertzer, MD Resident Vascular Noninvasive Diagnostic Centre Emeritus Chairman Vascular Surgery London, United Kingdom Department of Vascular Surgery Washington Hospital Center The Cleveland Clinic Georgetown University Hospital Jochen Grommes, MD Cleveland, Ohio Washington, DC Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Anil Hingorani, MD David Gordon, MD Aachen, Germany Vascular Surgeon Professor Total Vascular Care Department of Pathology Ankur Gupta, MD New York, New York University of Michigan Resident Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Surgery Alan T. Hirsch, MD Cedars-Sinai Health System Medical Center Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and Alan M. Graham, MD Los Angeles, California Community Health Professor of Vascular Surgery Vascular Medicine Program, Cardiovascu- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Hitinder S. Gurm, MD lar Division New Brunswick, New Jersey Associate Professor University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Internal Medicine Minneapolis, Minnesota Linda M. Graham, MD Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Joshua A. Hirsch, MD Professor of Surgery University of Michigan Associate Professor of Radiology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medi- Ann Arbor, Michigan cine of Case Western Reserve University Harvard Medical School Department of Vascular Surgery John W. Hallett, Jr., MD Department of Radiology Cleveland Clinic Clinical Professor of Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital Cleveland, Ohio Medical Director, Roper St Francis Heart Boston, Massachussets and Vascular Center Richard M. Green, MD Charleston, South Carolina Karen J. Ho, MD Chairman, Department of Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital Lenox Hill Hospital Kimberley J. Hansen, MD Boston, Massachussets New York, New York Professor of Surgery Wake Forest University Kelley Hodgkiss-Harlow, MD Roy K. Greenberg, MD (Deceased, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Department of Vascular and Endovascular 2013) Surgery Director, Endovascular Research Linda M. Harris, MD University of California San Diego Vascular Surgery Associate Professor of Surgery San Diego, California Cleveland Clinic; Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery Larry H. Hollier, MD Associate Professor University at Buffalo, SUNY Chancellor Department of Surgery Buffalo, New York Louisiana State University Health Sciences Cleveland Clinic Learner College of Medicine; Center Associate Professor Robert W. Harris, MD New Orleans, Louisiana Biomedical Engineering Vascular Surgeon (retired) Case School of Engineering Encino, California Douglas B. Hood, MD Case Western Reserve University Department of Surgery Peter K. Henke, MD Cleveland, Ohio Southern Illinois University School of Doan Professor of Surgery Medicine Andreas Greiner, MD Section of Vascular Surgery Springfield, Illinois European Vascular Centre Frankel Cardiovascular Center University Hospital RWTH Aachen, University of Michigan L. Nelson Hopkins, MD Aachen, Germany Ann Arbor, Michigan Professor Department of Neurosurgery and Depart- Howard P. Greisler, MD Santiago Herrera, MD ment of Radiology Professor Vascular Surgeon University at Buffalo, State University of Department of Cell Biology and Depart- Jobst Vascular Center New York, ment of Surgery Toledo, Ohio Director, Toshiba Stroke Research Center Loyola University Medical Center Buffalo, New York; Maywood, Illinois Department of Neurosurgery Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Kaleida Health Buffalo, New York CONTRIBUTORS xi Joe Huang, MD Michael R. Jaff, DO Edward P. Kang, MD Section of Vascular Surgery Associate Professor of Medicine Vascular Fellow University of Medicine and Dentistry Harvard Business School; University of Minnesota Vascular Surgery of New Jersey Medical Director, Vascular Center University of Minnesota Newark, New Jersey Massachusetts General Hospital Minneapolis, Minnesota Boston, Massachusetts Thomas S. Huber, MD, PhD Joseph Karam, MD Professor and Chief, Division of Vascular Shady Jahshan, MD Resident and Endovascular Surgery Fellow Department of Surgery Department of Surgery Department of Neurosurgery Henry Ford Hospital Universityof Florida College of Medicine School of Medicine and Biomedical Detroit, Michigan Gainesville, Florida Sciences University at Buffalo, State University of Omar Kass-Hout, MD Russell D. Hull, MBBS, MSc New York Department of Neurology Professor of Medicine Department of Neurosurgery School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Calgary Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital, Kaleida University at Buffalo, State University of Calgary, Alberta Health, New York Buffalo, New York Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Misty D. Humphries, MD Kaleida Health Fellow Stuart W. Jamieson, MD Buffalo, New York Division of Vascular Surgery Head, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery University of Utah Chair and Distinguished Professor of Vikram Kashyap, MD Salt Lake City, Utah Surgery Division Chief, Vascular Surgery University of California, San Diego University Hospitals Case Medical Center Justin Hurie, MD La Jolla, California Cleveland, Ohio Assistant Professor Department of Vascular Surgery Juan Carlos Jimenez, MD Blair A. Keagy, MD Wake Forest University Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery Professor of Surgery Winston-Salem, North Carolina Division of Vascular Surgery-Gonda Department of Surgery (Goldschmied) Vascular Center University of North Carolina Rob Hurks, MD, PhD David Geffen School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, North Carolina University of California, Los Angeles Harvard Medical School Los Angeles, California Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Brian M. Kelly, DO Harvard Medical School Associate Professor Kaj H. Johansen, MD, PhD Boston, Massachusetts Department of Physical Medicine and Clinical Professor of Surgery Rehabilitation University of Washington School of Niamh Hynes, MD University of Michigan Medi cine; Vascular Clinical Lecturer Ann Arbor, Michigan Chief of Vascular Surgery, Swedish Medical National University of Ireland Galway Center Galway, Ireland Rebecca L. Kelso, MD Seattle, Washington Department of Vascular Surgery Karl A. Illig, MD Cleveland Clinic K. Wayne Johnston, MD Professor of Surgery Cleveland, Ohio Professor Director, Division of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery University of South Florida College of K. Craig Kent, MD University of Toronto Medicine Chair, Department of Surgery Toronto, Canada Tampa, Florida University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics Peter G. Kalman, MD Elizabeth A. Jackson, MD, MPH Madison, Wisconsin Private Surgical Practice Assistant Professor Toronto, Ontario Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Tanaz A. Kermani, MD Frankel Cardiovascular Center Assistant Professor Peter Kan, MD, MPH University of Michigan Division of Rheumatology Department of Neurosurgery Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Medicine School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Mayo Clinic University at Buffalo, State University of Michael J. Jacobs, MD Rochester, Minnesota New York University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Neurosurgery School of Medicine and Dentistry Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital, Rochester, New York Kaleida Health Buffalo, New York