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Current situation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants commerce in Greece PDF

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ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY POSTGRADUATE STUDIES PROGRAM “CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF NATIVE PLANTS (BNP)” Eleni Mandraveli Current situation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants commerce in Greece: Risks and Opportunities Diploma Thesis Thessaloniki 2011 ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY POSTGRADUATE STUDIES PROGRAM “CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF NATIVE PLANTS (BNP)” Eleni Mandraveli Current situation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants commerce in Greece: Risks and Opportunities Diploma Thesis Thessaloniki 2011 1 ΑΡΙ΢ΣΟΣΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙ΢ΣΗΜΙΟ ΘΕ΢΢ΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ΢ ΢ΧΟΛΗ ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ΢ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΜΕΣΑΠΣΤΧΙΑΚΩΝ ΢ΠΟΤΔΩΝ “ΔΙΑΣΗΡΗ΢Η ΣΗ΢ ΒΙΟΠΟΙΚΙΛΟΣΗΣΑ΢ ΚΑΙ ΑΕΙΦΟΡΙΚΗ ΕΚΜΕΣΑΛΛΕΤ΢Η ΑΤΣΟΦΤΩΝ ΦΤΣΩΝ (ΒΑΦ)» Μανδραβζλη Ελζνη Τπάρχουςα κατάςταςθ ςτο εμπόριο των Αρωματικϊν και Φαρμακευτικϊν Φυτϊν ςτθν Ελλάδα: Κίνδυνοι και Ευκαιρίεσ Διπλωματικι Εργαςία Θεςςαλονίκη 2011 2 Date of Presentation: 03/03/2011 Examining Board: Professor Kokkini Styliani, †Dr Tsogas Miltos1 Professor Lanaras Thomas Assistant Professor Karousou Regina 1 Supervisors 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 4 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 5 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Περίλθψθ ................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (MAPs) .................................................................... 8 1.2. The situation in Greece ....................................................................................... 11 1.3. Thesis scope ......................................................................................................... 12 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 13 2.1. International and EU level ................................................................................... 13 2.2. National level ....................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Assessment .......................................................................................................... 13 3. Results ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.1. International and EU level ................................................................................... 15 3.1.1. International and EU Legislation ...................................................................... 15 3.1.2. International and EU Market ............................................................................ 20 3.2. National level ....................................................................................................... 25 3.2.1. National Legislation .......................................................................................... 25 3.2.2. National Market ............................................................................................... 27 4. Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 32 4.1. Identified gaps ..................................................................................................... 32 4.2. Proposed measures ............................................................................................. 33 5. Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 35 6. References ..................................................................................................................... 36 4 List of Abbreviations English: BfN: German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation BNP: Conservation of Biodiversity and sustainable exploitation of Native Plants CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora EC: European Commission EEC: European Economic Community EL.STAT.: Hellenic Statistical Authority EU: European Union EUROPAM: European Herbs Association GACP: Guidelines on good Agricultural and Collection Practices GSPC: Global Strategy for Plant Conservation HMRDF: Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development and Food HRGG: Hellenic Republic Government Gazette ISSC-MAP: International Standard for Sustainable wild Collection of MAPs IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature JMD: Joint Ministerial Decision MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plant MD: Ministerial Decision WHO: World Health Organization WWF: World Wide Fund OAC: Organization of Accounts Certification OCMAP: Organization for certification and management of Agricultural Products OPCCAGG: Organization for payments and Control of Community Aid, Guidance and Guarantee Greek: ΑΦΦ: Αρωματικά και Φαρμακευτικά Φυτά ΕΕ: Ευρωπαϊκι Ζνωςθ 5 Current situation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) commerce in Greece: Risks and Opportunities Abstract From ancient times until now, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) are used for several purposes such as in medicine, in nutrition, in cosmetics, etc. The last decades the demand for MAPs is rising and has led to increased pressure on wild plant populations, the main source of raw material, causing loss of genetic diversity and habitat destruction. MAPs are an integral part of our biodiversity. Recent concern over the alarming situation of the status of wild MAP resources, raw material quality, as well as social exploitation of rural communities leads to conservation strategies and policies at both international and national levels. Greece, with a great amount of native plants, including MAPs, follows the international trends in the MAP sector. Unfortunately, there is no monitoring of the Greek market or the use of MAPs. This study presents the status of MAPs market on international and national level as well as actions and regulations concerning MAPs conservation, trade and use. Its purpose is to determine the current situation of MAPs commerce in Greece. It identifies specific gaps in MAPs commerce practices and proposes measures for sustainable management. 6 Τπάρχουςα κατάςταςθ ςτο εμπόριο των Αρωματικϊν και Φαρμακευτικϊν Φυτϊν (ΑΦΦ) ςτθν Ελλάδα: Κίνδυνοι και Ευκαιρίεσ Περίληψη Σα Αρωματικά και Φαρμακευτικά Φυτά (ΑΦΦ) χρθςιμοποιοφνται ςε διάφορουσ τομείσ όπωσ θ ιατρικι, θ διατροφι και θ κοςμετολογία. Σα τελευταία χρόνια, λόγω αυξθμζνθσ ηιτθςθσ για ΑΦΦ, γίνεται υπερεκμετάλλευςθ των αυτοφυϊν πλθκυςμϊν αφοφ αυτοί αποτελοφν τθν κφρια πθγι φυτικοφ υλικοφ, προκαλϊντασ μείωςθ τθσ γενετικισ ποικιλότθτασ και καταςτροφι των ενδιαιτθμάτων. Σα ΑΦΦ είναι αναπόςπαςτο κομμάτι τθσ βιοποικιλότθτασ. Η πρόςφατθ ανθςυχία για τθν κατάςταςθ τθσ αυτοφυοφσ βλάςτθςθσ των ΑΦΦ ειδϊν, τθσ ποιότθτασ του εμπορευόμενου φυτικοφ υλικοφ όπωσ επίςθσ και τθσ εκμετάλλευςθσ των αγροτικϊν κοινοτιτων, οδιγθςε ςε ςτρατθγικζσ διατιρθςθσ τόςο ςε διεκνζσ όςο και ςε εκνικό επίπεδο. Η Ελλάδα, μία χϊρα με μεγάλο αρικμό αυτοφυϊν φυτικϊν ειδϊν, εμπεριεχομζνων και των ΑΦΦ, ακολουκεί τισ παγκόςμιεσ προςταγζσ για διατιρθςθ. Δυςτυχϊσ, δεν υπάρχει αρκετι πλθροφορία οφτε για το εμπόριο αλλά οφτε και για τθ χριςθ των ΑΦΦ ςτθν Ελλάδα. Η παροφςα Μεταπτυχιακι Διπλωματικι Εργαςία παρουςιάηει τθν κατάςταςθ ςτο εμπόριο ΑΦΦ ςε διεκνζσ και εκνικό επίπεδο, όπωσ επίςθσ και τισ δράςεισ και τουσ κανονιςμοφσ που αφοροφν ςτθ χριςθ και διατιρθςθ των ΑΦΦ. ΢κοπόσ τθσ είναι να αποδϊςει τθν υπάρχουςα κατάςταςθ ςτο εμπόριο των ΑΦΦ ςτθν Ελλάδα. Επιμζρουσ ςτόχοι είναι ο προςδιοριςμόσ των κενϊν ςτισ εμπορικζσ πρακτικζσ και θ πρόταςθ μζτρων για αειφορικι διαχείριςθ. 7 1. Introduction 1.1. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (MAPs) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) is a group of plants including those that are used in medicine, either traditional or conventional, and/ or those containing essential oil (Bhattarai and Karki, 2004; Palos, et al., 2005). Essential oils are the ones responsible for the aromatic flavor and the biological properties of MAPs and they are complex natural mixtures of volatile secondary metabolites, isolated from different parts of plants (Burt, 2004; Vagionas, et al., 2007). From ancient times until now, MAPs are used for several purposes, e.g. in medicine, as condiments in nutrition, as cosmetics or in soil stabilization (Rates, 2001; Rao, et al., 2004; Centikaya, 2010). Specifically, the use of MAPs for medicinal purposes is probably the oldest existing use (Shinwari and Gilani, 2003; Bhattarai and Karki, 2004) and an important aspect of several traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Chinese, Tibetan, Amazonian, African traditional medicine and Unani (WHO, 1999; Mathe and Mathe, 2008). At the end of early 1900s there was a decline of traditional medicine and herbal medicines, which is its most lucrative form (WHO, 2008), due to the development of synthetic drugs. However, during the past decades there is an increase in traditional medicine worldwide (Hanlidou, et al., 2004), even in the industrialized countries (Rates, 2001; WHO 2007). The reasons for such an increase are multiple: green revolution promoting natural products; free market economy creating markets and demand for new resources; potential for new medicines (Shinwari and Gilani, 2003; Mathe and Mathe, 2008; De Silva, 2009) and lower prices of botanical raw material compared to alternative chemical substances (Lange, 2006). According to WHO (2008),herbal medicines generate billions of dollars in revenue, e.g. annual revenues in Western Europe reached US$ 5 billion in 2003-2004. In China sales of products totaled US$ 14 billion in 2005 and in Brazil US$ 160 million in 2007. 8 Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products that contain parts of plants or other plant materials as active ingredients. In some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population still depend on traditional medicine for primary health care, while in many developed countries where 70-80% of the population has used at least on time some form of traditional medicine including herbal medicine (WHO, 1999; Gibb, 2007). Nowadays, MAPs are used not only for medicinal purposes, but also for cosmetic, coloring and aromatic purposes, in herbal teas, food supplements, liquors, insecticides, fungicides, essential oil products, perfumes and cleaning products (Barbara, et al., 2004). The global demand of MAPs was estimated at 40-60 billion US $ per year in 2004 and it is presumed to be growing even more due to the improved standards of living. There is a large trade volume from developing countries to the industrialized world (Bhattarai and Karki, 2004). As demand for traditional medicine and MAPs is rising, overharvesting may become an issue because approximately 80% of natural resources are harvested from the wild (Rao, et al., 2004; Mathe and Mathe, 2008; Mcdonald, et al., 2008; Bussmann and Sharon, 2009). The most threatened plant species are the ones that are overharvested and these should be given priority for actions and studies concerning their conservation (de Melo, et al., 2009). MAP species threatened by factors similar to those threatening plant diversity in general, and/ or are responsible for habitat loss, habitat degradation and over-harvesting (Hamilton, 2004). As a result of the continuing increase in MAPs trade, in the past few decades the interest in MAPs has increased and their conservation has become a necessity (Lange, 2006; Centicaya, 2010; Motaleb, 2010). The conservation and sustainable use of MAPs can lay important foundations for the conservation of natural habitats and ecological services more generally (Hamilton, 2004) and its management can only be effected on the basis of quantitative data (Bista and Webb, 2006). 9

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GACP: Guidelines on good Agricultural and Collection Practices. GSPC: Global Abstract. From ancient times until now, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) are used for .. Albania. 8,050. 11,693,300. Malaysia. 7,050. 38,685,400. Singapore. 7,950 . Register of companies trading specimens of.
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