Current Cancer Research 1995

248 Pages·1995·19.207 MB·English

by  Prof. Dr. Dres. h.c. Harald zur Hausen (auth.)

Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
Current Cancer Research
1995
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com
Cover photo: Photos in the research reports by the au
thors or by members of the staff.
Map of the cancer atlas "Atlas of Cancer
Mortality in Central Europe" (lARC Scientific Fig. 2 Dr. Stefan Joos, Dr. Peter Lichter, Divi
Publications No. 134, Lyon 1995) sion of Organisation of Complex Genomes,
The map shows the mortality rates in Ger with kind permission of Springer-Verlag, Hei
many, Poland, and other countries in central delberg; fig.3 Prof. Dr. Manfred Schwab, Di
Europe from cancer of the trachea, bronchi vision of Cytogenetics; fig. 4 Dr. Gabriela
and lung, which vary from one region to an M6slein, Dusseldorf; figs. 5, 10 Priv.-Doz. Dr.
other (green: lowest, red: highest mortality Jurgen Kartenbeck, Division of Cell Biology,
rates) and Dr. Herbert Spring, Research Program
ISBN 978-3-7985-0989-4 ISBN 978-3-642-48687-6 (eBook) Cell Differentiation and Carcinogenesis;
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-48687-6 figs. 6, 13 Cacilia Kuhn, Division of Cell Bio
ISSN 0940-0745 logy; figs. 7, 34, 48, 55, 88, 89, 91, 123, 130,
132 Ulrich Soeder, Heidelberg; figs. 11, 12
Publisher: Peter Lutkes, Heidelberg; fig. 25 with kind
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum permission of ecomed-Verlagsgesellschaft
1m Neuenheimer Feld 280 mbH, Landsberg; figs. 26, 27, 28 with kind
0-69120 Heidelberg permission of Bayer AG, Leverkusen; fig. 29
Tel.: [phone] with kind permission of Marc Greenblatt,
Telex: 46 15 62 dkfz d National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, U.S.A.;
Telefax: +0 62 21 /42-29 95 figs. 35, 36 Dr. Gerd Moeckel, Division of
Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors;
Editorial responsibility: figs. 37, 38, 39 Prof. Dr. Neidhard Paweletz,
Division of Cell Growth and Division; figs. 57,
Presse-und Offentlichkeitsarbeit
59 Priv.-Doz. Dr. Hanswalter Zentgraf, Re
Hilke Stamatiadis-Smidt, M.A.
search Program Applied Tumor Virology;
Coordination: fig. 62 with kind permission of John Wiley &
Sons, New York, U.S.A.; fig. 83 copyright
Elisabeth Hohensee, M.A.
Larry Landweber and the Internet Society;
fig. 98 National Council for Research and
Co-workers:
Development, Jerusalem, Israel; fig. 99 Dag
Dipl.-Biol. Susanne Glasmacher mar Welker, Heidelberg; fig. 126 b Heiden
Hans von Kalckreuth reich, Hannover; fig.141 Stefan Kresin, Hei
Dr. Margund Mrozek delberg
Dipl.-Biol. Ulrike Nell
Dipl.-Biochem. Martin Roos
Mareile Schulte
Dr. Michel Schummer
Dr. Birgitt Sicken berger
Translation:
Stefanie von Kalckreuth, akad. gepr. Obers.,
Heidelberg
Angela Lahee, PhD, Oberflockenbach
Dipl.-Phys. Dirk Meenenga, B. Sc.,
Heidelberg
Lay-out:
Heidi Hnatek
Photos:
Josef Wiegand
Chapter Page
Cancer Research: Prospects for the Future Harald zur Hausen 11
A Framework for Biomedical Research Reinhard Grunwald 20
in Germany
o
Mission and Structure 27
Research 29
Cell Differentiation and Carcinogenesis 31
2.1 Cadherins and Carcinomas Stephan Schafer 34
Werner W. Franke
2.2 Drosophila as an Animal Model System for Dennis Strand 39
Identifying Tumor Suppressor Genes Istvan Torok
and Analyzing Their Function Bernard M. Mechler
2.3 Cell Growth and Regulation of Gene Activity Ingrid Grummt 45
Tumor Cell Regulation 49
3.1 Protein Kinases - The Crystal Structure Dirk Bossemeyer 52
Sheds Light on the Mechanism of a Key Volker Kinzel
Pacemaker in Cellular Control
3.2 Aspirin: A Pain Reliever That Prevents Gerhard Furstenberger 57
Cancer? (an Overview) Friedrich Marks
~
Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention 63
4.1 Tracing Fingerprints of Cancer-Causing Agents Monica Hollstein 67
in Human Tumor Genes
4.2 Cancer Atlases in Europe- Nikolaus Becker 70
Relevance and Results
4.3 Ways to Eliminate Carcinogenic Substances Jens Seibel 75
in the Occupational Surrounding - Bertold Spiegelhalder
Prevention of Nitrosamine Exposure in the
Rubber Industry
Diagnostics and Experimental Therapie 81
5.1 Immune Defense and Cancer (an Overview) Stefan C. Meuer 85
Chapter Page
5.2 Computer-Assisted Techniques for the Dymitr Komitowski 88
Description of the Cytoskeletal Structure Svetlana Karnaoukhova
in Modern Cancer Diagnostics Ralf Bracht
5.3 The Driving Force Behind Metastasis - Margot Zoller 91
The Surface Molecule CD44v
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Radiological Diagnostics and Therapy 98
6.1 Improvement in Breast Cancer Diagnostics Michael V. Knopp 101
Stefan Delorme
6.2 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Tumor Antonia Dimitrakopoulou- 107
Diagnosis and Therapy Management Strauss
6.3 Radiosurgical Treatment of Patients with Rita Engenhart 112
Brain Metastases Jurgen Debus
6.4 Ultrasound in the Treatment of Tumors Jurgen Debus 117
Peter Huber
6.5 Therapy Monitoring of Brain Tumors by Means Peter Bachert 121
of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Thomas HeB
Applied Tumor Virology 126
7.1 73 Papillomaviruses - the Many Faces Ethel-Michele de Villiers 128
of a Human Carcinogen (an Overview)
7.2 Hepatitis-B-Virus as a Causative Agent of Liver Claudia Rakotoma- 132
Cancer - Elucidation of the Mechanism hahina
Claudia Lamberts
Claus H. SchrOder
7.3 How the Immune System Controls the Inside Hans-Georg 135
of Cells Rammensee
®
Tumor Immunology 142
8.1 Immune Tolerance and Cancer Bernd Arnold 143
Gunter J. Hammerling
®
Bioinformatics 148
9.1 Artificial Neural Networks in Genome Research Martin Reczko 150
Sandor Suhai
Chapter Page
9.2 The Genome Project (an Overview) Annemarie Poustka 157
9.3 Image Processing in Medicine: From Basic Uwe Engelmann 161
Research to Routine Clinical Use Manuela Schafer
Hans-Peter Meinzer
D@
Central Facilities 168
Appendix 183
Evaluation of Results 185
International and National Collaboration 195
Organs of the Foundation 207
Staff Council 212
Administration 213
Teaching, Vocational Training, Refresher Courses 217
for Employees
DL7
Current Topics 222
D@
Press and Public Relations 229
Chapter Page
o®
Meetings, Workshops, and Symposia 244
2@
Statutes and Articles of the Foundation 246
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
20
Index 254
Plan of Organization (Insert)
Prospects for the Future
Cancer Research: For years now cancer research has ught about fundamental changes in can
been an area marked by rapid pro cer research in the past decade.
Prospects
gress. In particular, we have reached a
Today, the analysis of cell surface mol
better understanding of cell biology and
for the Future ecules gives insight into changes of the
the mechanisms of carcinogenesis; fur
"social conduct" of cells and into the
ther, our knowledge of cancer risk fac
way in which they make modified mo
tors and patients at risk and how to
by Harald zur Hausen lecular structures identifiable for de
identify them has grown substantially.
fense mechanisms. Without the rapid
Progress is less evident in cancer pre
advance of cell biology and molecular
vention, early detection, and therapy
biology we would never have attained
although particularly in cancer treat
our current level of knowledge about
ment, new concepts now evolving as a
the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In
consequence of our enhanced under
the case of certain types of cancer (co
standing of carcinogenesis are showing
lon cancer, cervical cancer) we are now
great promise.
beginning to understand the signal
In the field of cell biology it is primarily pathways whose disruption appears to
the processes of cell division that are be an essential prerequisite for invasive
better understood today. We are growth.
achieving increasing success in char
The knowledge of specific genetic
acterizing the components involved in
changes increasingly allows us to iden
these processes, namely those of in
tify patients with a particular risk of de
ter-and intracellular signal transduc
veloping certain kinds of cancer, espe
tion which control growth and differenti
cially if the respective genes are al
ation.
ready damaged in the germ line. Thus,
Defects in the regulation of cell division these patients can be subjected to rele
often are due to changes in the DNA of vant and improved measures of early
specific genes of somatic cells. These detection, which can significantly in
changes are caused either by external crease their chances of being cured.
influences (chemical or physical fac
tors) or by viral genes that become inte
grated in the genome of the cell and re
main there. In addition, epigenetic mod Viruses as cancer-causing factors
ifications (e.g., methylations), which
can permanently alter gene functions,
In relation to cancer risk factors, partic
are also of relevance.
ular progress has been made in the
The identification of genes whose modi identification of infectious events taking
fication or functional failure leads to a part in carcinogenesis. Starting with the
defective control of cell growth, and the discovery of the Epstein-Barr virus 30
analysis of the resulting functional years ago, the identification of cancer
changes in associated signal chains is related types of papillomavirus in the
an area of cancer research that is today case of anal cancer, genital cancer,
advancing very rapidly. The interplay of cancer of the oral cavity, and skin can
genome research, protein analyses, and cer as well as the elucidation of the role
functional research has proven particu of hepatitis viruses in the development
larly valuable in this area and has bro- of liver cell carcinoma have brought
11
Fig. 1
Main entrance of the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
12
Prospects for the Future
13