Current and Future Trends in Bridge Design, Construction and Maintenance 2: Safety, Economy, Sustainability, and Aesthetics

560 Pages·2001·112.96 MB·English

by  Institution of Civil Engineers

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
Current and future trends in
bridge design, construction and
maintenance 2
Safety, economy, sustamability and aesthetics
Proceedings of the international conference organized by the Institution of
Civil Engineers, and held in Hong Kong on 25-26 April 2001
Edited by P C Das, D M Frangopol and A S Nowak
Thomas Telford
Conference organized by the Conference Office of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Organizing Committee:
Prof J R Casas, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain
Mr R D Csogi, Greenman-Pedersen, Inc., USA
Dr P C Das (co-chairman), Highways Agency, UK
Prof M C Forde, University of Edinburgh, UK
Prof D M Frangopol, University of Colorado, USA
Prof H Furuta, Kansai University, Japan
Prof J M Ko, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Dr J S Kuang, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Ir Dr C K Lau, The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers
Mr K Leung, Maunsell Consultants Asia Ltd, Hong Kong
Prof A S Nowak (co-chairman), University of Michigan, USA
Mr D Poineau, SETRA, France
Prof P Thoft-Christensen, Aalborg University, Denmark
Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD.
URL: http://www.thomastelford.com
First published 2001
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 0 7227 3091 6
© The Institution of Civil Engineers, unless otherwise stated 2001
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Preface
In order to celebrate the achievements of the bridge engineering profession at the end of the
Millennium, with the help of a number of eminent bridge engineers and academics from
around the world, The Institution of Civil Engineers has been organizing a series of
international bridge conferences. The broad purpose of these conferences is to enable the
profession to take stock of the current developments in bridge engineering, and also to look
forward to the future at this historic juncture.
The first conference in the series was held in Singapore in October 1999 and the second in
Hong Kong in April 2001. This book is a compilation of the papers presented at the Hong
Kong conference.
The 20th century has seen major expansions of the transport networks in most countries of
the world accompanied by the construction of most of the bridges that exist today. Even in the
closing years of the century vigorous activities were taking place in every aspects of bridge
engineering - design, construction, management and research.
A number of major bridges with record-breaking spans and outstanding aesthetic appeal have
been built around the world in recent years. A few more are in the pipeline. There have been
many recent advances in the techniques of construction and materials. These have been
accompanied by the development of a number of national and international codes and
standards aimed at producing more durable and reliable structures. Increasing attention is
being paid to whole-life performance and sustainability.
Regarding the management of the existing bridge stocks, many countries are now facing the
problem of having to deal with large numbers of deteriorated or otherwise sub-standard
bridges. Considerable efforts are being made to improve the methods of inspection,
assessment and strengthening so that the scarce resources can be utilized more effectively. A
number of bridge management systems are now available, with new ones still being
developed.
Wide-ranging research and development activities are being carried out at universities,
national laboratories and other institutions. Innovations are taking place in most areas,
particularly in the use of fibre-reinforced plastics, non-destructive testing and smart
monitoring, hi addition, assisted by research, rapid advances are being made towards the
application of reliability analysis and whole-life costing to bridges.
This book provides a contemporary account of the important developments in all these areas,
written by expert bridge engineers, academics and senior government officials from some
eighteen countries. It is divided into six main parts covering the following broad topics:
• Design and construction • Management
• Maintenance practice • Assessment
• Design theory • Research
The papers contain the details of major new bridge construction projects from around the
world and the more general state-of-the-art developments in bridge engineering, particularly
relating to bridge maintenance and management. It is hoped, therefore, that this volume will
prove useful to all sectors of the bridge engineering community.
In conclusion, the editors would like to express their gratitude to the authors of the individual
papers for their enthusiastic co-operation in preparing this publication.
Parag C Das
Dan M Frangopol
Andrzej S Nowak
Contents
SECTION 1: Plenary papers
Bridge management in Hong Kong: the selection of appropriate techniques
P.C. Wong, C.Y. Wong and J. Darby 3
Maintenance strategies for bridge stocks: cost-reliability interaction
D. M. Frangopol, J.S. Kong and E.S. Gharaibeh 13
Strategies for the management of post-tensioned concrete bridges
RJ. Woodward, D.W. Cullington and J.S. Lane 23
Stonecutters bridge design competition - aesthetic consideration
M.C.H. Hui and C.K.P. Wong 33
Long term fatigue behaviour of steel girders with welded attachments
under highway variable amplitude loading
M. Sakano 43
A landmark structure over the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts
V. Chandra, A. Ricci, K. Donington and P. Towell 52
Optimal scheduling for bridges based on life-cycle evaluation
D. De Leon and A. H-S. Ang 64
SECTION 2: Design and construction
The hot dip galvanized wires for bridge cables
J.Y. Kang 71
Genoa Harbour crossing
A. Farooq, G.W. Davies and M. Grassi 82
The planning and design of viaduct construction in Route 9 between Tsing Yi
and Cheung Sha Wan
N. Hussain 92
Recent achievements in Polish bridge engineering
W. Radomski 102
The bridge on the Wadi Kuf Valley - Libya. Rehabilitation and maintenance project.
E. Codacci-Pisanelli 112
Metsovitikos Bridge - a towerless suspension bridge
A. Paul and I. Wilson 122
KCRC West Rail Viaducts - design development
N. Hussain and A. Crockett 131
The alternative design of the West Rail Viaducts
N.J. Southward and J.H. Cooper 141
Construction of KCRC's West Rail Viaducts
H. Boyd, T. Gregory and N. Thorburn 153
Construction of a steel girder bridge rigidly connected to concrete piers
with perfobond plates
H. Hikosaka, K. Akehashi, Y. Sasaki, K. Agawa and L. Huang 166
Twinning of Jindo Grand Bridge, Republic of Korea
M.J. King, W.J. Kim and C.Y. Cho 175
The design of the Stonecutters Bridge, Hong Kong
S. Withycombe, I. Firth and C. Barker 185
SECTION 3: Maintenance practice
Safety and performance of an active load control system for bridges
T. Atkinson, P. Brown, J. Darby, T.A. Ealey, J.S.Lane, J.W. Smith and Y.Zheng 197
Replacement of steel and composite bridges under traffic
R. Saul and S. Hopf 207
Reconstruction of the Lions Gate Bridge
M.J. Abrahams and J.K. Tse 215
Kingston Bridge phase 1 strengthening
M. Collings and I. Telford 225
Acoustic emission - a tool for bridge assessment and monitoring
J.R. Watson, P.T. Cole, S. Yuyama and D. Johnson 236
The strengthening and refurbishment of Westfield Pill Bridge, Pembrokeshire
D.T. Gullick 246
Monitoring system for fatigue crack propagation by image analysis
K. Tateishi, T. Hanji and M. Abe 256
Health monitoring system for bridge structures based on continuous stress measurement
N. Horikawa, H. Namiki and T. Kusaka 261
Bridge inspection in steel road bridge based on real measurement
A. Koshiba, M. Abe, T. Sunaga and H. Ishii 268
Installation of advance warning system at highway structures which are susceptible
to flooding
P.C. Wong, C.Y. Wong, L.H.Y. Ho and Y.H. Leung 274
Rehabilitation of Tsing Yi South Bridge, Hong Kong
P.C. Wong, C.Y. Wong and F. Kung 282
Post tentioning of steel beam using high strength steel plate
M. Sakano and H. Namiki 292
Vibration induced fatigue of overhead sign structures on elevated highway bridges
K. Yamada, T. Ojio, S. Lee, Z. Xiao and S. Yamada 299
SECTION 4: Design and theory
Design for durability - a maintenance engineer's viewpoint
R.J. Feast 309
Review of design thermal loading for steel bridges in Hong Kong
F.T.K. Au, L.G. Tham and M. Tong 318
Decision support system for bridge aesthetic design using immune system
H. Furuta, M. Hirokane and K. Ishida 328
SECTION 5: Management
Optimum maintenance strategies for trunk road bridges in England and Italy
P.C. Das and L. Pardi 341
Inspection and maintenance of Hong Kong's long span bridges
J.D. Gibson 349
How effective is bridge posting in enhancing reliability?
S.B.A. Asantey and F.M. Bartlett 359
Life cycle cost of post-tensioned T-section girder bridges
T. Yoshioka, S. Ogawa, C. Wu and T. Sugiyama 369
West Rail Viaducts - an overview
C. Calton and S. Lo 379
Life cycle cost analysis of bridges where the real options are considered
Y. Koide, K. Kaito and M. Abe 387
Safety management of highway structures
A.J. Wingrove 395
Staged investigations of bridges
D. Pearson-Kirk 406
Verification of girder distribution factors and dynamic load factors by field testing
A.S. Nowak and J. Eom 414
Seismic retrofitting of bridges in New York
A.H. Malik 424
SECTION 6: Assessment
Current and future trends in heavy haulage bridge assessment process
S.N. Sergeev, G. Sobol and C.C. Candy 439
The use of reliability-based assessment techniques for bridge management
R.J. Lark and K.D. Flaig 453
Assessment of fatigue damage in the Tsing MA Bridge under traffic loadings by
finite element method
T.H.T. Chan, L. Guo and Z.X. Li 463
Some outcomes from load testing of small span bridges in Western Australia
I. Chandler 473
Sensitivity of steel bridge fatigue life estimates to fatigue crack modelling
T.D. Righiniotis and M.K. Chryssanthopoulos 484
SECTION 7: Research
Full strength joints for precast reinforced concrete units in bridge decks
S.R. Gordon and I.M. May 497
Vibration and impact studies of multi-girder steel bridge in laboratory
L. Yu and T.H.T. Chan 507
Fundamental study on application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer strips to
a notched steel member
H. Suzuki 517
Three dimensional modelling of masonry arch bridges
P.J. Fanning and T.E. Boothby 524
Full scale testing of high performance concrete bridge beams with in-situ slabs
D J. Doyle and D.L. Keogh 534
Categorizaton of damaged locations on concrete bridge structures by a neural network
L. Bevc and I. Perus 544
A qualitative and quantitative comparative study of seismic design requirements
in bridge design codes
M.M. Bakhoum and S.S. Athanasious 554
Plenary papers
Bridge Management in Hong Kong: the selection of
appropriate techniques.
P.C. WONG, C.Y. WONG
Highways Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, Hong Kong
J DARBY
Mouchel, West Byfleet, UK
Abstract
Bridge managers throughout the world share the same general objectives. However, the
management techniques that are most appropriate for their use will depend upon local factors.
In particular, the age and nature of bridge stocks will vary widely. This paper will review
available techniques and relate their application to the circumstances in Hong Kong.
1 Introduction
The bridge stock in Hong Kong is relatively new, when compared with the stock of structures
in Europe and North America. Bridge managers are therefore fortunate not to have the
resource and prioritisation problems encountered by managers of older structures that are
weak and/or deteriorating fast. Opportunity can therefore be taken to review all available
techniques, and to develop management procedures that will ensure that structures continue to
perform satisfactorily in the future.
Despite the young age of the bridge stock, it is important for Hong Kong that its bridge assets
are managed effectively. Structures convey large volumes of traffic critical to the economy,
with little opportunity for diversionary routes in centres of dense population. Many structures
are difficult to access, aesthetics and environment are of political importance, and the marine
environment has the potential to influence a high proportion of structures.
2 Objectives of Bridge Management
The general objectives of Bridge Managers are similar throughout the world, even if the
techniques appropriate in the variable situations differ widely. Defining objectives may appear
unnecessary, because many activities appear self-evident. Nevertheless, to do so does focus
the mind upon the real choices to be made. All adopted techniques must deliver a particular
objective, and be the most efficient means of delivering that objective.
The following four objectives are proposed: -
Performance: To maintain structures in service with minimum disruption, and to the
standards required by the local society.
Current and future trends in bridge design, construction and maintenance 2, Thomas Telford, London, 2001, 3-12