Cuneiform brick inscriptions in the British Museum, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, the City of Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, the City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery

85 Pages·1981·19.874 MB·English

by  C.B.F. Walker

CUNEIFORM
BRICK INSCRIPT10NS
lN
THE BRITISH MUSEUM
THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD
THE CITY OF BIRMINGHAM MUSEUMS
AND ART GALLERY
THE CITY OF BRISTOL MUSEUM
AND ART GALLERY
BY
C. B. F. WALKER
CUNEIFORM
. RICK INSCRIPTIONS
IN
THE BRITISH MUSEUM
THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD
THE CITY OF BIRMINGHAM MUSEUMS
AND ART GALLERY
THE CITY OF BRISTOL MUSEUM
AND ART GALLERY
BY
C. B. F. WALKER
BMP
.-::::::::,,
1111111
PUBLISHED
FOR THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
BY BRITISH MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS LIMITED
© 1981 The Trustees of the British Museum ·CONTENTS
ISBN O 7141 1105 8
Published by British Museum Publications Ltd.
6 Bedford Square, London WClB 3RA
Foreword 7
Preface 9
Introduction 10
Bibliographical abbreviations 13
Sumerian and Babylonian inscriptions 17
Assyrian inscriptions 96
Unidentified Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions 129
Elamite inscriptions 130
Copies of cuneiform texts 138
Index of Museum numbers 139
Index of excavation numbers 145
Index of British Museum registration numbers 146
Index of British Museum brick numbers 161
Index of provenances 164
Physical features 167
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY 5
H. LING LTD. THE DORSET PRESS DORCHESTER DORSET
FOREWORD
The present volume gives a complete catalogue of
the large collection of inscribed bricks from
Iraq, Iran and Syria in the British Museum,
supplemented by significant collections preserved
in other museums in Britain. It is hoped that it
will not only be of interest to cuneiformists in
general but will also become a practical reference
book for field archaeologists and for epigraphists
working on future excavations. I am sure that all
readers will agree that this catalogue fully
justifies all the time and effort devoted to its
preparation by Mr. C. B. F. Walker and has earned
him the gratitude of his peers.
E. SOLLBERGER
Keeper
DEPARTMENT OF WESTERN ASIATIC ANTIQUITIES
THE BRITISH MUSEUM
OCTOBER, 1980
7
PREFACE
11his catalogue include:3 al: the bJ~icks stum1ied or inscribed with cuneiform
inscriptions now in the collections of the Department of Weste:m Asiatic
Antiquities, the British Museum. A previous survey of the Department's brick
collection was made by Dr. C. Bezold in 1888 (ZA 3, 415), but was never
published. Assyrian and Babylonian painted or glazed inscriptions are not
included here except for Tukulti-Ninurta I no. 7, A list of Ela.mite glazed
brick inscriptions is published in :rrzy urticle, '1.Uamite inscriptions in the
British Museum', in Iran ·18 (1980), 75-81. BM 90136 also has an Aramaic
inscription, as do the bricks 1821-1-20, 7 and 8, which are not~included here
as they have no cuneiform inscrjption. The Department also has a brick from Ur
inscribed in a proto-Arabic script {BM 122185 =U 7815, UE IX, '114 and pl. 36).
The collections of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and the City of' Birmine;ham
Mu:c:eums and ArL Gallery contain muny bricks from tlle Oxford-Field Museum
(Chica.go) Expedition, s wor1<: in Babylonia and from British excavations at
Nineveh, Kalhu (Nimrud) , and Ur. They are an importa:."'lt supplement to the
British Museum's collectior-s. The inscription Ashmolean 1922.198, published
by S. Langdon, OEC'l' I, 60 and pl. 29, as taken from a brick is in fact on a
stone slab; it is therefore omitted here. Bricks in Oxford are published by
courtesy of the Visitors of the Ashmolea.n Muse1im and those in Birmingham 'by
courtesy of the Director of the City of' Birminghrun Museums and Art Gallery.
The collection of bricks in the City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery was
briefly dcsc.cibed by E.F. Weidner in D·ie ReZiefs der as::;yrische Kon:ige (AfO
Beiheft 4, Berlin 1939), 111 n. 216 = AfO 12 (Berlin 193'(-39), 111 n. 216.
It has been included in the catalogue by courtesy of the Directors of the City
of Bristol Musewn and Art Gallery for the sake of completeness although it
adds nothing significant to the other collections. The bricks H 774 (Ur-Narnmu)
H 4360 (Nebuchadne7.zar II) and F 3822 ( Gudea?) were temporarily not availa,ble
f'or study.
For their interest and practical assistance 1 am much indebted to Dr P.R.S.
Moorey, Senior Assistant Keeper of Antiquities, and Dr. Stephanie Dalley at
Oxford, to J. Ruffle, Keeper of the Department of Antiquities, and Miss Janet
Emonson at Birmingham, and to D.P. Dawson~ Curator in Archaeoloe;y and History,
at Bristol. Professor E. Heiner of the University of Chica.go and Professor
M. Stolper of' .... he Universi-ty of Michigan kindly commented on my first drafts
of the new Ela.mite inscriptions published here.
C. B. F. Walker.
n
9
INTRODUCTION The statenent of provenance is mostly taken from published sourcr:,s. BM
bricks with no recorded provenance are assumed to have the Rame provenance as
published bricks having a provenance. Recorded provenances of BM bricks are
only mentioned in cases where they differ from previously known provenances
or where more than one provenance is posGible. 'r:he provenance of Ashmolean,
Birmingham and Bristol brick,3 is giver: when known.
'l'he numberinr; of the vr:1,nous :ins~r..;ptio'1s fo:!.lows the following systemc: Old British Mu::;eum 1)rick numbers and exhibition numbers (i\ssyrian Basement,
Pre-~,argonic Lag ash: Sollberger, Corpus. Nimrud Gallery, etc.) are given throughout as br. (=brick). '11hey are la.rgely
Gudea: W. Farber, Ano~ 29A, 66*-67*. consecutive and were previously used in occasional publications (e.g. Bezold,
I~ard.Ill-Sin: Hirsch, AfQ 20, 15-'i9. Catalogue) and fo:r cataloguing plU'poses within the Museum.
Ur ;:n dynasty: Hallo, llUCA 33, 2J1-i13. '..L'hc list given ir~ Bczuld, Catal-ogue Vol '.; t 22J3ff, of bricks published in
Ir;in I, Larsa, anc1 Urulz. dyn.astie:1: IIal1o, B1: ()p 18, )-1?, a1:1d Kirki,. /]K.FZ. 1-5 R is a catalogue, not a list of' sources; not a"ll bricks have been
Kassi te aJ1d post-Kassi te dynasties: Brinkman, MSKB I and PHPKB. compared ,iirecly w5th tl:e R copies. It i,s socn.etimes possibJ e to show from
Ashurbanipal: Weissbach, llaupteiUgtwn~ 39-40. which brick or bricks the R copy was ma.de, and in such cases the reference to
Ne o-Baby 1onian dynasty: Langdon, VAH L~. R is entered only against this or these bricks; otherwise it is entered
Ass.1rian kings down \;o .Asl.rnrni:i.sirpal II; Grayson, ARl 1 & 2. against all the numbers listed by Bezold (unless his list is demonstrably
Sargon lI: the fort.:.1c0ming eJ..i t.i.011 by J. Ilengcr. incorrect).
Elanite 1Jricks: F. Kun7g, Dte ;r:,;zam,:'.sc½en ]{,:jn,Cg;;i1uwlzp£ften {AfC Beihefl 1G). The statements of the sizes of bricks and brick-stam,1is arc intcnced to
Interpolations within the:-:e systems are distinr;uished b;y letters (e.e:. ind.icate the ranc;e of sizes attested on the bricks catalogued, not to give
Nebuchadnezzar II no. 35A). Additions to these systems are marked A, B, etc., detailed information on individual bricks. 'rhus the dimensions 01· fragmentary
or X, Y, 7., All inscriptions which f'all outside the scope of these systems bricks and incomplete stamps are normally ignored. Where a given dimension is
are designated A, B, etc., in order to avoid confusion w.i.th eventual not complete on any brick here catalogued, the largest surviving dimension is
comprehensive schemes which will probably be numerical. The system for the given, marked*· The dimensions of half-bricks, which are rectangular rather
.Neo-Babylonian dynasty used by P-R. Berger in AOAT 4/1 has been deliberately than (approximately) square, are generally given separately from those of
ignored~ and for convenience that book is cited by page-number only. whole bricks. The largest dimension of the face of a brick is followed by the
P = photograph; C = copy; T = transliteration; l'r = translation; B = smaller dimension and then by the thickness. All dimensions are in
bibliography; Pr= provenance. centimetres. The :following remarks on the language and form of brick
The best or most accessible photograph or copy of a brick type is cited inscriptions are based solely ori the inscriptions catalogued here.
irrespective of whether or not it corresponds with the precise text or Inscriptions from Smner and Babylonia (and from Susa in the Old Babylonian
variants of the bricks catalogued here. period) are all in Sumerian, with the exception of inscriptions from Eshnunna
The transliterations given here are of the bricks catalogued and include and the inscription of Ganimabide of Mutalu, until the end of the Isin II
implicit variants :from the standard modern editions of the texts (C or T); dynasty. From Marduk-apla-iddina to Sin-balassu-iqbi (i.e. 721-637 B.C; they
the standard editions have been used to restore the text where necessary. may be in either Sumerian or Babylonian. From Nabopolassar on they are only
Unless stated otherwise each orick has one sign at least (not necessarily in Babylonian. (Inscriptions of the Assyrian kings and their governors in
more) surviving in each line of the inscription. No attempt has been made to Babylonia are regarded as Babylonian rather than Assyrian inscriptions).
distinguish (by brackets) that part of a text which is not preserved on the Inscriptions from Assyria are all in Assyrian with the exception of Sargon
bricks catalogued and has to be restored from other published bricks. Where II D (in Sumerian).
a restoratio1_1 h':s been made in brackets the original has been checked to Inscriptions from Susa in the Old Babylonian period are in Sumerian and are
ensure that it is consistent. with the space available. included here with the Sumerian and Babylonian inscriptions. Otherwise all
Where a brick is inscribed or stamped with ruling~ between the lines the inscriptions from Ela.mare in Elamite.
text between two rulings is treated as a single line even when written as Inscriptions from Sumer and Babylonia may be either sta.~ped or inscribed on
two (e.g. Ur-Nammu no. 3). eithe:r the face or the edge of the brick (or both). Rather more inscriptions
The system of transliteration follows R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische are stamped than inscribed. Where inscriptions appear on the edge of a brick
Zeichenliste (AOAT 33, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1978), or where it varies from during the third and second millennia B.C. they are stamped or inscribed in
Borge:c's preferred practice the original cuneiform signs can be foi.md in short lines at right angles to the long ,axis of the brick such that when built
Berger's lists with the :following exceptions - 1. The accents,,,. and .... stay into a wall they would appear sideways; tbis follows the normal pattern of
in their customary places on bisyllabic or trisyllabic signs rather than monumental and votive inscriptions dovm to the end of the Isin II dynasty.
-being placed on the first syllable. 2. The ideogram for nasaru is written The one exception to this rule is BM 90267 (Sin-kashid no. 1). In the
Pfi.. P (not PAB), the ideogram for dAdad is written du (not dx)' and GITT.NITA lS cs.taJoeue they are described as being stampc~d or inscrihed 11dmm the edce11 •
transliterated Jaklrn,na, (not ;akkana,6). 'I'he Sumerian sign urua (URUxA - From the time of Marduk-apla-iddina II inscriptions on the edge may either be
~!:;nnatum B) does not appeur in Borger's list, 4. The ideogram ZAG.DI (= stamped or inscribed "down the edge" or be sLamped or inscribed in longer
saninu-Sennaeherib F) is omitted by Borger. In Akkadian contexts ideograms lines parallel to the long axis of' the edge so as to be seen from the normal
have been trai.'1sliterat:..:d as s;,,;,ch rather than t1·a11scribed intu tlie appropriate angle w11en 'built into a wall. 'l'l1e latter group are described in the cat.alogue
;~~k'ldiar, f~rn K:t1 f; )m, ( r1: itcary ':?Xce:r;;-c,Lns (e.g. dmardak not, c'LALAH.uru, as br.:illg :stamped or inscribed 11u.long the edge".
P"r1rr>u and r:aJ?4 no"': Ml\l\J\ 'l'he perh,,,,ps r1.,:,her unsntic;fying ,:,ys tem of Tne large majority of Assyrian bricks are inscribed rather than ,:tamped.
transliterating ideogr8.ills in Assyria.11 and Late B~bylonian texts in Roman The exceptions catalogued here are Erish1un I no.6 (one copy), Shamshi-Adad I
capitals rather than lower case follows what still appears to be the commoner no. 3, Sllalmaneser I no. 25, Tukulti-Ninurta. I nos. 31, 33 and 34,
current practice. Ashurnas:i.rpal II no. 67 Shalma.neser lII C ( two copies), Adad-nirari Ill B
it t
10
11
Sargon 11 A, D and X. Assyrian ·bricks inscribed on the edge are always BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS
inscribed in long lines "along the edge", never short lines "dmm the
edge11 , No Assyrian bricks are stamped on the· edge.
Ela.mite bricks (apart rrom those of the Old Babylonian period from Susa)
are either inscribed along one or more edges or (rarely) stamped on the face.
:I'he system used in R. Borger, HaniJJ;uc:h de1-- Kei Zsc:h1-.,i ft l-i te:r•atur has oeen
followed in all but a few cases. In most cases Arabic numerals have been
substituted for Roma.D numerals.
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12 13
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15
"1,;t
-"
.,
SUMERIAN AND BABYLONIAN INSCRIPTIONS
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,,. ki
dingir-ra-ni
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G. Smith, As0yrian G. Smith, Assyrian Discoveries .•. during 1873 a:nd 4
Discoveries 18?4 (London, 1875) mu p.a... -da ummak i 30 u4-ba
SS.o lSlbmeirthg eErH, A Corpus ES(L.. ~oSnSdmoolinltbh, ,e 1rE9g2ae8rr)l, y Cho1f"of)UtoS ryd eos fi nAssscyr1i~piati oton s .1'0r0o0 yBa.lCe.s ' 10 dsv an, inp-.a..g -d.far- su-ke4 20 tuu' rn<i -ksvie , bi-sig10 .de,. n-ainn--ngai-rt-us..,,mu,. -ak e4
presrwgoniques de Lag as. (Geneva, 19)6) d nanVs e-ke4 tu' n-sve, bi-sig,o ki mu-na-aga
1 Sumer Burner (Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad,
I~ TSBA T19r/a.1n5s-)a ctions of the Society of Biblical ArehaeoZogy BM 85977 = 99-4-15, 784 KCTi n9g,, l1lS ; A 1p92l2. G16u id( ee ,f5t8e;r Sp.o l1lb54e)r g; eKr,i ngC o&r pHusa;l l,
(London, 1872-1893) EWA pl. facing p. 173. Lines 1-10, 11-21, 23-32)
i]i ' UUEh T UUrr EExxccaavvaattiioonnss , ('Bl'erxittsis h( BMruitsiesuhm , MLuosenudmon, , L1o9nd2o7n-), 1928-) BM 85978 = 99-4-15, 785 LCTi n9es, 11 .'- 81, 92122 -G24u,i de2 55-383·' . Sollberger, Corpus.
UVB Uruk vorlaufiger berichte (Berlin, 1930-) BM 8'.)9'f9 = 99-4-15, 786 CT 9, 2·, 1922 Guide 58, and pl. I (after p. 4) ;
Vlill Vorderasiatische Bihliothek (Leipzig, 1907-1916) Sollberger, Corpus. Lines 1-10, 12-23, 25-33.
Yon So den , SARG W. von Soden & A. Falkenstein, Sumer'tsche zmd BM 85980 = 99-4-1'.>, '(8'{ C'r 9, -~.),. 1922 Guide 58; Sollberger, Coryms.
akkadisohe Hymnen und Gebete (Zurich & Stuttgart Lines 1-10, 12-21, 23-32.
vs V19o5r3d)e 1•asiatische Schriftdenkmaler de1• Koni,gliehen' BM 88283 == 1900-6-11, 1922 Guide 58; Sollberger, Corpus.
Lines 1-9, 12-20, 24-32.
Museum zu Berlin (Leipzig, 1907-1917) BM 1 ·14404 = 1920-6-14, 1 1922 Guide 58; Sollberger, Corpus.
Weidner, ITN E. Weidner, Die Inschriften Tukulti-Ninurtas I und Lines 1-10, 11-23, 21+-33.
seiner Nachfolger. AfO Beiheft 12. (Graz, 1959)
Weissbach, F.H. Weissbach & F. Wetzel, Das Hauptheiligtwn des All bricks inscribed on the face in three columns (differently divided);
Hauptheiligtum Mard~ks in Babylon .•• WVDOG 59. (Leipzig, 1938)
bricks 31.C*/29.5 x 21.5/19.0 x 5.0/4.o.
Winckler, Sargon lI. W:mckler, D'i,e Keilsch.1.'ifttexte Sw•gons •••
(2 volumes, Leipzig, 1889)
Wiseman, Illustrations D.J. Wiseman, IUustrations ft'om Biblical aY•chaeology
2. Enannatum I 'Brick A'.
(London, 1958)
WO Welt des Orients (Wuppertal, Stuttgart & Gottingen,
P - de Sarzec, DC pl. 31 bis 3; C - Sollberger, Corpus :pl. 27 En. I 2; T - SAK
1947-)
30 Enannatum I b; Tr - IRSA IC 6a; B - Sollberger, pp. x-xi; Pr - Girsu
Woolley & Barnett, C.L. Woolley & R.D. Barnett, Carchemish III (British
(Tello),
Carchemish III Museum, London, 1952)
WVDOG Wissenschaftliohe Veroffentliohungen der Deutschen lagasV ak i- ka
en-an-na-tmna
Orient-GeseUschaft (Leipzig, Stuttgart & Berlin
d . <
1900-) ' ens,i(' u4 n1n-gir-su-ke4
ZA Z18e8i6ts-)c hrift fur Assyriologie (Leipzig ' Berlin ' etc.~ ." LagaVs ak i sva,- ge ba-p.a_ -da-a
ZDMG Zeitschrift der Veutsahen Morgenlandischen dumu a-kur-gal erin-babbiir
Geseilschaft (Leipzig & Wiesbaden, 1846-) 10 kur-ta mu-na-ta-~
5
16
17
e'" -sye, mu-na-si-s l~- dus-sye, mu-na-d/ uru-d/ uru-na-a
d. . .
v . nln-glz-zl-da
sag-su4-b1 ki-an-na-~ga-ni
.
erln-babb'a" r dn.l n-g<l r-su-ra dingir-ra-ni
.... '"
gu-de-a
mu-na-ni -guba mu mu-na-gar
15 ur ha-lu-:G.b
v ki
lagasa
6: BM 114707 adds -ra '" .
e-nlnnu
BM 114706 = 1900-6-11 1922 Guide 58; Sollberger, Corpus p. dn.l n-g<l r-su-k a
BM 114707 = 1900-6-11,3 1922 Guide 58; Sollberger, Corpus p.
in-d~-a
Both bricks inscribed on the face in three columns (7 + 7/6 + 5/6 lines) ; e'" g~l r-suk i -ka-n.l
,
bricks 28.0 x 26.0 x 5.5 ems.
mu-na-du
3. Naram-Sin no. 1Ob. BM 90289 = 1979-12-20, 177 = br. 853 CT 21, 36; 1922 Guide 58 & pl. XXIV;
Iraq 1 pl. XI (after p. 76).
P - King, PSBA 31 pl. XLI; C - PSBA 31, and UET 8 pl. VII 43; T & Tr -
PSBA 31, 287; B - UET VIII p. 35; Pr - Girsu (Tello) and Ur. Inscribed on the face; brick 31.0 x 31.0 x 6.5.
a a
na-pa-am- suen
6. Gudea BF
ba-dfm
'e" P - de Sarzec, DC pl. 37 no. 7; C - CT 21, 34; T & Tr - SAK 142 Gudea t;
B - Borger HKL 1, 438 and 2, 248 and Farber, An Or 29A, 66*-67*; Pr - Girsu
BM 103040 = 1909-1 ,1. PSBA 31, 286-8 & pl. XLI; 1922 58. From Girsu. (Tello) and Tell (Adams, Uruk Countryside 217).
BM 116454 = 1923-11-10, 40 = U.79. UET VII p. 35 & pl. VIII 43. From Ur.
dn.l n-g<l r-su n~l -du-e pa mu-na-.e...
y
Both items are bricks-stamps. Stamp 10.5 x 6.5*. ..... d. musen .... .
ur-sag kala-ga e-nlnnu lm-dugud -babbar-ra-nl
d en-I<l l-la'" -ra mu-na-d~
4. Naram-Sin no. 11.
.... ....
gu-de-a ki -be mu-na-gi
4
P - Mallowan, ILN 15.10.1938 p. 697 fig. 3; C Mallowan, Iraq 9 pl. LXIV; enS<l'"
B - Hirsch, Afo 20, 19. Pr - Brak, Syria.
a v ki
lagasa -kelj.
na-pa-am-
=
BM 15785 96- 6-12, 5
=
BM 15891 96- 6-12, 111 2-4
= =
BM 126497 1939-2-8, 133 BM 16010 96- 6-12, 230 lines 1-2
=
BM 90290 = 1979-12-20, 178 br. 851. CT 21, 34; 1922 Guide 59.
Stamped on the face; stamp 7.7 x 11.0 * . Brick 37.5 x 22.5 * x 8.0. BM 90792A = 81- 7- 1, 3394
BM 100691 = 81- 7- 1, 3393 1922 Guide 59.
=
BM 114397 1920- 3-15, 8
5. Gudea BD
Birmingham 588 '65
Ashmolean 1922.194 Gregoire, MVN 10, 8. From the H. Weld Blundell collection.
P - 1922 Guide pl. XXIV (after p. 62) and de Sarzec DC pl. 37 no. 5; C _
CT 21, 36; T & Tr - SAK 140 Gudea r' B - Borger, HKL 1, 438
An Or 29A, 66*; Pr - Girsu (Tello).' and Farber, BM 100691 inscribed on the face in one column in 9 lines (omitting 1.10);
BM 90290 inscribed on the face in two columns (6+4 lines); all other bricks
are stamped on the face in two columns (6+4 ) - stamp 12.3/11.3 x 15.2/
14.5. Bricks 32.5/31.0 x 32.0/31.0 x 7.5/6.0, except for BM 90290 which is a
brick from the outer segment of a cylindrical column (see A. Parrot, Tello,
p. 16, 157 and cf. Gudea BG, no. 7 below) having two finger-holes on the face
at the narrow end and measures 27.0 (radius) x 20.0-7.0 (width) x 7.0
(thickness) •
18
19