Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations PDF
Preview Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations
Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Epigraph From the Preface to the First Edition (1980) Preface to the Second Edition Summary of the Book Chapter 1 - Values and Culture Summary of This Chapter Definitions and Distinctions Studying Culture Dimensions of Culture Culture Change Notes Chapter 2 - Data Collection, Treatment, and Validation Summary of This Chapter The Research Settings Data Treatment Validation Notes Chapter 3 - Power Distance Summary of This Chapter Inequality and Power Distance Measuring National Differences in Power Distance in IBM Validating PDI Against Data From Other Sources Origins and Implications of Country Power Distance Differences Statistical Analysis of Data Used in This Chapter Notes Chapter 4 - Uncertainty Avoidance Summary of This Chapter The Concept of Uncertainty Avoidance Measuring National Differences in Uncertainty Avoidance in IBM Validating UAI Against Data From Other Sources Origins and Implications of Country Uncertainty Avoidance Differences Statistical Analysis of Data Used in This Chapter Notes Chapter 5 - Individualism and Collectivism Summary of This Chapter The Individual and the Collectivity Measuring National Differences in Individualism in IBM Validating IDV Against Data From Other Sources Origins and Implications of Country Individualism Differences Statistical Analysis of Data Used in This Chapter Notes Chapter 6 - Masculinity and Femininity Summary of This Chapter Sexes, Genders, and Gender Roles Measuring National Differences in Masculinity in IBM Validating MAS Against Data From Other Sources Origins and Implications of Country Masculinity Differences Statistical Analysis of Data Used in This Chapter Notes Chapter 7 - Long-Versus Short-Term Orientation Summary of This Chapter East Versus West Measuring and Validating National Differences in Long-Term Orientation Implications of Country Long-Term Orientation Differences Notes Chapter 8 - Cultures in Organizations Summary of This Chapter Organizations and National Cultures Organizational Cultures Notes Chapter 9 - Intercultural Encounters Summary of This Chapter Intercultural Communication and Cooperation Political Issues Multinational Business Schools, Tourism, and a Look Ahead Notes Chapter 10 - Using Culture Dimension Scores in Theory and Research Summary of This Chapter Applications of the Dimensional Model Closing Remarks Notes Appendix 1 - Questions From the IBM Attitude Survey Questionnaire Referred to ... Appendix 2 - Country Scores on A, B, and C Questions (except A5-A32 and C1- C8) Appendix 3 - Standardized Country and Occupation Scores for Work Goal ... Appendix 4 - Replicating the IBM-Style Cross-National Survey Appendix 5 - Summary of Country Index Scores (including additions) Appendix 6 - Summary of Significant Correlations of Country Index Scores With ... Appendix 7 - Two Case Studies From the IRIC Organizational Cultures Research Project Appendix 8 - The Author’s Values References Name Index Subject Index About the Author Copyright © 2001 by Geert Hofstede. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author or his representative. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B-42 Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi 110 017 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hofstede, Geert H. Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations/by Geert Hofstede.—2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 0-8039-7323-3 (cloth: alk. paper)—ISBN 0-8039-7324-1 (pbk.: acid-free paper) 1. Ethnopsychology. 2. National characteristics. 3. Values—Cross-cultural studies. I. Title. GN502.H628 2000 155.8’9—dc21 00-010498 02 03 04 05 10 9 8 7 6 5 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Indexer: Cover Designer: Jim Brace-Thompson Anna Howland Claudia A. Hoffman Judy Selhorst Marion Warren Marja Hennemann-Kloet Ravi Balasuriya a Vérité en-deça des Pyrénées, erreur au-delà. —Blaise Pascal, 1623-62 From the Preface to the First Edition (1980) The survival of mankind will depend to a large extent on the ability of people who think differently to act together. International collaboration presupposes some understanding of where others’ thinking differs from ours. Exploring the way in which nationality predisposes our thinking is therefore not an intellectual luxury. A better understanding of invisible cultural differences is one of the main contributions the social sciences can make to practical policy makers in governments, organizations, and institutions—and to ordinary citizens. Highlighting culture-dependent differences in thinking and acting is not always a welcome intervention. My general experience in discussing the topics of this book with various audiences is that the amount of international exposure within the group strongly affects the way the subject is received. Internationally experienced audiences have little trouble seeing its importance and tolerating a certain amount of introspection into their own cultural constraints. Internationally naive audiences have difficulty seeing the points, and some members even feel insulted when their own culture is discussed. Readers of the book may go through the same kind of experiences. Multicultural readers and those who have earlier gone through one or more culture shocks in their lives may find that the book expresses in formal terms much that they already intuitively knew. For readers whose activities have so far been confined within a single national culture, the book itself may have a certain culture-shock effect: They will find question marks attached to the universal validity of much that they have taken for granted so far and of much that has become dear to them. Nevertheless, I hope the book will find both multicultural and monocultural readers in many of the countries described and in others as well.... The book aims at a readership of policy makers in public and private organizations and scholars and students from various disciplines: comparative management, anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, sociology, comparative law, history, and social geography. The research project which forms the basis of this book has a long history, going back to the preparation of the first international (IBM) survey in 1966. I could not foresee then that my involvement with this survey should eventually
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