Culture Wars in America: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices

1135 Pages·2013·10.191 MB·English

by  Roger Chapman, James Ciment

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ISBN 978-0-7656-8302-1
01
Roger Chapman and James Ciment, Editors
9 780765 683021
www.routledge.com
Culture Wars
in America
Second Edition
Volume 1 - 3
Page Intentionally Left Blank
Culture Wars
in America
Second Edition
An Encyclopedia of Issues,
Viewpoints, and Voices
Volume 1 - 3
Roger Chapman and James Ciment, editors
First published 2014 by M.E. Sharpe
Published 2015 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa busin ess
Copyright © 2014 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience a nd
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Cover photos (left to right): Karen Bleier/AFP/Getty Images; AP Photo/Seth Wenig; Karen Bleier/
AFP/Getty Images.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Culture wars
Culture wars in America : an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices / Roger Chapman and
James Ciment, editors. — Second edition.
volumes cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7656-8302-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Culture conflict—Encyclopedias. 2. Politics and culture—Encyclopedias. 3. Social problems
Encyclopedias. 4. Social conflict—Encyclopedias. 5. Ethnic conflict—Encyclopedias. 6. Cultur
conflict—United States—Encyclopedias. 7. Politics and culture—United States—Encyclopedias.
I. Chapman, Roger, 1960– editor of compilation. II. Ciment, James editor of compilation. III. Title.
HM1121.C85 2014
306.0973—dc23 2013017780
ISBN 13: 9780765683021 (hbk)
Contents
Topic Finder ......................................................xvii Atwater, Lee .....................................................37
Contributors .....................................................xxiii Automobile Safety ............................................38
Introduction to the First Edition: Culture Bachmann, Michele ...........................................41
Wars in America—Rhetoric and Reality .........xxvii Baez, Joan .........................................................41
Introduction to the Second Edition ......................xxxiii Bailouts, Government ........................................42
Bankruptcy Reform ..........................................43
Volume 1 Barbie Doll .......................................................45
Barton, David ....................................................47
A-Z entries Battle of Seattle .................................................48
Beauty Pageants ...............................................48
Abortion .............................................................1 Beck, Glenn ......................................................49
Abu Ghraib and Gitmo .......................................3 Behe, Michael J. ...............................................51
Academic Bill of Rights ......................................5 Bell Curve, The (1994) ........................................52
Academic Freedom .............................................6 Bennett, William J. ..........................................53
ACORN ..............................................................8 Biafra, Jello .......................................................53
Adelson, Sheldon .................................................9 Biotech Revolution ............................................54
Adler, Mortimer J. .............................................10 Birth Control ....................................................55
Affirmative Action ............................................10 Birther Movement .............................................56
Afghanistan War ...............................................13 Black Panther Party ...........................................58
Afrocentrism .....................................................15 Black Radical Congress ......................................58
Age Discrimination ...........................................16 Blackface ...........................................................59
Agnew, Spiro T. ................................................16 Blogs and Blogosphere ......................................60
AIDS ................................................................17 Bloomberg, Michael ..........................................61
Alexander, Jane..................................................19 Bob Jones University ........................................62
Ali, Muhammad ...............................................19 Boehner, John ....................................................63
American Century .............................................20 Bono ..................................................................64
American Civil Liberties Union ........................21 Book Banning ...................................................65
American Civil Religion ....................................24 Border Security ..................................................66
American Exceptionalism .................................25 Bork, Robert .....................................................68
American Indian Movement ..............................26 Boy Scouts of America ......................................69
Americans with Disabilities Act ........................28 Bradley, Bill ......................................................70
Androgyny ........................................................29 Breitbart, Andrew .............................................71
Angelou, Maya .................................................29 Brock, David ....................................................71
Animal Rights ..................................................30 Brokaw, Tom ....................................................72
Anti-Intellectualism ..........................................31 Brown, Helen Gurley .......................................73
Anti-Semitism ...................................................32 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) .....................74
Arnold, Ron .....................................................34 Bryant, Anita ...................................................75
Arrow, Tre .........................................................35 Buchanan, Pat ..................................................76
Aryan Nations ..................................................35 Buckley, William F., Jr. ....................................77
Atheism ............................................................36 Budenz, Louis F. ...............................................79
v
vi Contents
Budget Deficit, Federal .....................................80 Confederate Flag .............................................144
Buffett, Warren .................................................81 Conspiracy Theories ........................................146
Bullard, Robert D. ............................................82 Contemporary Christian Music .......................148
Bunche, Ralph ..................................................83 Contract with America ...................................149
Bush Family ......................................................84 Corporate Scandals ...........................................149
Busing, School ...................................................87 Corporate Welfare ...........................................151
Byrd, Robert C. .................................................88 Coulter, Ann ...................................................152
Campaign Finance Reform ...............................90 Counterculture ................................................153
Campolo, Anthony “Tony” ................................91 Country Music .................................................155
Canada .............................................................92 Creationism and Intelligent Design .................156
Capital Punishment ..........................................93 Cronkite, Walter ............................................159
Carson, Rachel ..................................................95 Cuba ................................................................159
Carter, Jimmy ...................................................96 Culture Jamming ............................................160
Catholic Church ................................................98 Dean, Howard ................................................162
Censorship ......................................................100 Dean, James ...................................................163
Central Intelligence Agency ............................102 Dean, John .....................................................163
Chambers, Whittaker .....................................103 Debt, Federal ...................................................164
Charter Schools ................................................104 Deconstructionism ..........................................166
Chávez, César ..................................................104 DeLay, Tom .....................................................167
Cheney Family ................................................105 Deloria, Vine, Jr. .............................................168
Chicago Seven ................................................108 Demjanjuk, John ............................................169
Chick, Jack ......................................................109 Democratic Party ............................................170
China .............................................................109 Diversity Training ...........................................172
Chisholm, Shirley ...........................................111 Dobson, James ................................................174
Chomsky, Noam .............................................111 Donahue, Phil ................................................174
Christian Coalition .........................................112 Douglas, William O. ......................................175
Christian Radio ..............................................114 Dr. Phil ...........................................................176
Christian Reconstructionism ...........................115 Drilling, Oil and Gas ......................................177
Christmas ........................................................115 Drudge Report ..................................................179
Church and State .............................................117 Drug Testing ..................................................180
Churchill, Ward ..............................................117 D’Souza, Dinesh ..............................................181
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission Du Bois, W.E.B. .............................................182
(2010) .........................................................118 Dukakis, Michael ............................................182
Civil Rights Movement ..................................120 Duke, David ...................................................183
Climate Change ...............................................122 Dworkin, Andrea .............................................184
Clinton, Bill ...................................................124 Dylan, Bob .....................................................184
Clinton, Hillary Rodham ................................125 Earmarks .........................................................186
Clinton Impeachment .....................................127 Earth Day .......................................................186
Colbert, Stephen ..............................................128 Ecoterrorism ...................................................187
Cold War ........................................................129 Education Reform ...........................................188
College Tuition and Student Debt ...................133 Ehrenreich, Barbara ........................................191
Colson, Chuck ................................................134 Eisenhower, Dwight D. ..................................192
Columbus Day .................................................135 Election of 2000 .............................................192
Comic Books ...................................................136 Election of 2008 ..............................................195
Comic Strips ...................................................137 Election of 2012 ..............................................198
Commager, Henry Steele ................................138 Endangered Species Act ..................................201
Common Cause ..............................................139 English as the Official Language ......................202
Commoner, Barry ............................................140 Enola Gay Exhibit ............................................203
Communists and Communism ........................140 Environmental Movement ..............................204
Comparable Worth ..........................................143 Equal Rights Amendment ..............................207
Compassionate Conservatism ..........................144 Evangelicalism ...............................................207
Contents vii
Executive Compensation ..................................209 Gore, Al .........................................................272
Factory Farms ..................................................211 Graffiti ............................................................274
Faith-Based Programs ......................................212 Graham, Billy .................................................275
Falwell, Jerry ..................................................213 Great Books .....................................................276
Family Values .................................................214 Great Society ..................................................278
Farrakhan, Louis .............................................215 Ground Zero Mosque ......................................279
Federal Communications Commission .............217 Guardian Angels .............................................280
Federal Reserve ................................................219 Gulf Oil Spill ..................................................281
Felt, W. Mark ..................................................220 Gun Control ...................................................282
Feminism, Second-Wave .................................221 Guthrie, Woody, and Arlo Guthrie ..................284
Feminism, Third-Wave ...................................222 Hackers and Hacktivists ..................................286
Ferraro, Geraldine ...........................................223 Haley, Alex .....................................................287
Flag Desecration ..............................................224 Hall, Gus .......................................................287
Fleiss, Heidi ....................................................225 Hannity, Sean ..................................................288
Flynt, Larry ....................................................226 Hargis, Billy ....................................................290
Focus on the Family ........................................227 Harrington, Michael .......................................290
Fonda, Jane .....................................................228 Hart, Gary ......................................................291
Food and Drug Administration .......................229 Harvey, Paul ...................................................292
Ford, Gerald ...................................................231 Hate Crimes ...................................................292
Foreman, Dave ................................................232 Hauerwas, Stanley ..........................................294
Forests, Parklands, and Federal Wilderness ......233 Hay, Harry ......................................................294
Foucault, Michel ..............................................235 Hayden, Tom ..................................................295
Founding Fathers .............................................236 Health Care ....................................................296
Fox News ........................................................238 Heavy Metal ....................................................299
France .............................................................239 Hefner, Hugh .................................................300
Frank, Barney .................................................240 Heller, Joseph .................................................301
Franken, Al .....................................................240 Helms, Jesse ...................................................302
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial ...............241 Heritage Foundation .......................................303
Freedom of Information Act ...........................242 Hightower, Jim ..............................................304
Friedan, Betty .................................................244 Hill, Anita .....................................................305
Friedman, Milton ............................................244 Hill, Julia “Butterfly” ......................................307
Fundamentalism, Religious .............................246 Hillsdale College ............................................307
Fur ..................................................................247 Hiroshima and Nagasaki .................................308
Galbraith, John Kenneth ................................249 Hispanic Americans.........................................309
Gangs ..............................................................249 Hiss, Alger .....................................................311
Gay Capital .....................................................250 Hoffman, Abbie .............................................311
Gay Rights Movement ....................................251 Hollywood Ten ...............................................312
Gays in Popular Culture ..................................254 Holocaust ........................................................313
Gays in the Military ........................................255 Homeschooling ...............................................314
Gender-Inclusive Language .............................257 hooks, bell .......................................................315
Generations and Generational Conflict .............258 Hoover, J. Edgar ..............................................316
Genetically Modified Foods .............................260 Horowitz, David .............................................318
Gibson, Mel ...................................................262 Horton, Willie ...............................................319
Giffords (Gabrielle) Shooting ...........................262 Huffington, Arianna ........................................320
Gilmore, Gary .................................................264 Human Rights ...............................................321
Gingrich, Newt ..............................................265 Humphrey, Hubert H. .....................................322
Ginsberg, Allen ..............................................266 Hunter, James Davison ....................................323
Globalization ...................................................267 Huntington, Samuel P. ...................................324
Goetz, Bernhard .............................................270 Hurricane Katrina ...........................................325
Goldwater, Barry .............................................270 Hutchins, Robert M. .......................................327
González, Elián................................................272 Illegal Immigrants ...........................................328
viii Contents
Immigration Policy .........................................329 Leopold, Aldo ..................................................382
Indian Casinos .................................................331 Lesbians ...........................................................383
Indian Sport Mascots ......................................332 Lewis, Bernard .................................................384
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ....333 Liddy, G. Gordon ...........................................385
Internet ...........................................................334 Limbaugh, Rush .............................................386
Iran, Relations with .........................................335 Literature, Film, and Drama ............................388
Iran-Contra Affair ............................................336 Lott, Trent .......................................................390
Iraq War ..........................................................337 Love Canal ......................................................391
Irvine, Reed .....................................................339 Loving, Richard, and Mildred Loving .............392
Israel ...............................................................340 Lynching ........................................................393
Jackson, Jesse .................................................342 MacKinnon, Catharine ...................................395
Jackson, Michael .............................................343 Maddow, Rachel ..............................................395
Japan ...............................................................344 Madoff (Bernard) Scandal .................................396
Jehovah’s Witnesses .........................................345 Madonna .........................................................397
Jesus People Movement ..................................346 Mailer, Norman ...............................................398
John Birch Society ..........................................346 Malcolm X .....................................................399
Johnson, Lyndon B. ........................................347 Manson, Marilyn .............................................400
Jorgensen, Christine .......................................348 Mapplethorpe, Robert .....................................401
Judicial Wars ..................................................349 Marriage Names ..............................................402
Kennedy Family ..............................................352 Marxism ..........................................................402
Kerouac, Jack ..................................................354 McCain, John .................................................403
Kerry, John ......................................................355 McCarthy, Eugene ..........................................405
Kevorkian, Jack ...............................................357 McCarthy, Joseph ............................................405
Keyes, Alan ....................................................358 McCarthyism ...................................................407
King, Billie Jean ............................................359 McCloskey, Deirdre .........................................409
King, Martin Luther, Jr. ..................................360 McGovern, George ..........................................410
King, Rodney .................................................361 McIntire, Carl ..................................................412
Kinsey, Alfred .................................................362 McLuhan, Marshall ..........................................413
Klein, Naomi ..................................................364 McVeigh, Timothy .........................................413
Koch, Charles G., and David H. Koch .............364 Mead, Margaret ..............................................414
Koop, C. Everett .............................................366 Media Bias ......................................................415
Kristol, Irving, and Bill Kristol .......................366 Medical Malpractice .......................................416
Krugman, Paul ...............................................367 Medical Marijuana ...........................................418
Kubrick, Stanley ..............................................368 Medved, Michael .............................................419
Kushner, Tony .................................................369 Men’s Movement ............................................419
Kwanzaa ..........................................................370 Mexico ............................................................421
Kyoto Protocol ...............................................370 Microsoft .........................................................422
Migrant Labor .................................................423
Volume 2 Militia Movement ..........................................424
Milk, Harvey ..................................................426
La Follette, Robert, Jr. ....................................372 Millett, Kate ...................................................426
La Raza Unida .................................................372 Million Man March .........................................427
Labor Unions ...................................................373 Miranda Rights ...............................................428
Lady Gaga .......................................................375 Mondale, Walter .............................................429
LaHaye, Tim, and Beverly LaHaye ...................375 Montana Freemen ............................................430
Lapin, Daniel ..................................................377 Moore, Michael ...............................................431
LaRouche, Lyndon H., Jr. ................................378 Moore, Roy S. .................................................432
Lear, Norman .................................................379 Moral Majority ...............................................433
Leary, Timothy ...............................................380 Morgan, Robin ................................................433
Lee, Spike .......................................................380 Morrison, Toni ................................................434
LeMay, Curtis ..................................................382 Mothers Against Drunk Driving .....................435
Contents ix
Motion Picture Association of America ............436 Paul, Ron, and Rand Paul................................499
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick ...............................437 Pelosi, Nancy ..................................................501
Ms. ..................................................................438 Penn, Sean .......................................................501
MSNBC ..........................................................438 Pensions, Public ..............................................503
Multicultural Conservatism ............................440 Perot, H. Ross ................................................504
Multiculturalism and Ethnic Studies ...............440 Phelps, Fred ....................................................505
Mumford, Lewis ..............................................442 Philadelphia, Mississippi ................................506
Murdoch, Rupert ............................................442 Pipes, Richard, and Daniel Pipes .....................507
Murrow, Edward R. .........................................443 Planned Parenthood .........................................508
Muslim Americans .........................................445 Podhoretz, Norman .........................................509
My Lai Massacre ..............................................446 Police Abuse ....................................................510
Nader, Ralph ..................................................448 Political Correctness .......................................512
Nation, The ......................................................449 Pornography ....................................................513
Nation of Islam ..............................................450 Postmodernism ................................................515
National Association for the Advancement Premillennial Dispensationalism .....................517
of Colored People ........................................451 Presidential Pardons .......................................518
National Endowment for the Arts ....................452 Prison Reform .................................................519
National Endowment for the Humanities ........455 Privacy Rights .................................................521
National Organization for Women .................457 Privatization ....................................................522
National Public Radio ....................................458 Progressive Christians Uniting ........................524
National Review ................................................459 Promise Keepers .............................................524
National Rifle Association ..............................460 Public Broadcasting Service .............................525
Nelson, Willie .................................................461 Punk Rock ......................................................527
Neoconservatism .............................................463 Quayle, Dan ...................................................529
Neoliberalism ..................................................465 Race ................................................................530
New Age Movement ........................................466 Racial Profiling ...............................................531
New Deal ........................................................467 Rand, Ayn ......................................................533
New Journalism .............................................468 Rap Music .......................................................534
New Left ........................................................469 Rather, Dan ....................................................535
New York Times, The ........................................470 Reagan, Ronald ...............................................536
Niebuhr, Reinhold .........................................473 Recession of 2007-2009 ..................................538
Nixon, Richard ................................................474 Record Warning Labels ...................................539
Norquist, Grover ............................................476 Red and Blue States .........................................540
North, Oliver .................................................477 Redford, Robert ..............................................541
Not Dead Yet ..................................................479 Redneck ..........................................................542
Nuclear Age ....................................................479 Reed, Ralph ...................................................542
Nugent, Ted ....................................................482 Rehnquist, William H.....................................544
Obama, Barack ................................................483 Relativism, Moral ............................................545
Obesity Epidemic ............................................485 Religious Right ...............................................546
Occupational Safety .........................................487 Reparations, Japanese Internment ...................547
Occupy Movement ..........................................488 Republican Party ............................................548
O’Connor, Sandra Day ....................................490 Revisionist History .........................................550
O’Hair, Madalyn Murray .................................491 Right to Counsel .............................................552
Operation Rescue ...........................................491 Right to Die ....................................................552
Oppenheimer, J. Robert .................................492 Robertson, Pat ................................................554
O’Reilly, Bill ...................................................493 Rock and Roll ................................................556
Outing ............................................................494 Rockwell, George Lincoln ..............................557
Packwood, Bob ................................................496 Rockwell, Norman .........................................558
Paglia, Camille ................................................496 Rodman, Dennis ..............................................559
Palin, Sarah .....................................................497 Roe v. Wade (1973) ...........................................559
Parks, Rosa .....................................................498 Romney, Mitt ..................................................560