Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology PDF
Preview Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology
CULTURE, POWER, PLACE C U L T U R E POW E R P LAC E EXPLORATIONS IN CRITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY EDITED BY AKHIL GUPTA AND JAMES FERGUSON DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS DURHAM AND LONDON 1997 ThirdPrinting,2001 ©1997DukeUniversityPress Allrightsreserved Printedin theUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper00 TypesetinBaskervillebyKeystoneTypesetting,Inc. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataappear on thelastprintedpageofthisbook. CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Culture,Power,Place:EthnographyattheEndofanEra AkhilGuptaandJamesFerguson I PART I: SPACE, CULTURE, IDENTITY Beyond "Culture":Space, Identity,andthePoliticsofDifference AkhilGuptaandJamesFerguson 33 NationalGeographic: TheRootingofPeoplesandtheTerritorialization ofNationalIdentityamongScholarsandRefugees LiisaH. Malkki 52 SeeingBifocally: Media,Place,Culture JohnDurhamPeters 75 State,Territory, and NationalIdentityFormation intheTwoBerlins,1945-1995 JohnBorneman 93 FindingOne'sOwnPlace: Asian LandscapesRe-visioned inRuralCalifornia KarenLeonard I I8 TheCountryandtheCityontheCopperbelt JamesFerguson I37 vi CONTENTS Rethinking Modernity:SpaceandFactory DisciplineinChina LisaRolel I55 TheSongoftheNonalignedWorld:TransnationalIdentities andtheReinscriptionofSpacein LateCapitalism AkhilGupta I79 PART II: CULTURE, POWER, RESISTANCE ExiletoCompatriot:Transformationsinthe SocialIdentityofPalestinianRefugeesintheWestBank GeorgeE. Bisharat 203 Third-WorldingatHome KristinKoptiuch 234 The DemonicPlaceoftheuNotThere": TrademarkRumorsinthePostindustrialImaginary Rosemary] Coombe 249 Bombs,Bikinis,andthePopesofRock'n'Roll: ReflectionsonResistance,thePlayofSubordinations,and Liberalism inAndalusiaandAcademia,1983-1995 RichardMaddox 277 TheRemakingofanAndalusianPilgrimageTradition: DebatesRegardingVisual(Re)presentation andthe MeaningsofuLocality"ina GlobalEra MaryM. Crain 29I WorksCited 3I3 Index 347 Contributors 359 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thiscollectionofessaysoriginallygrewoutofthreeorganizedsessions presentedsomeyearsagoatmeetingsoftheAmericanAnthropologi calAssociation (AAA). One, organizedbyAkhilGuptaandLisaRofel, dealtwith "TheCultureandPoliticsofSpace"; another, organizedby Liisa Malkki andJames Ferguson, concerned "Themes ofPlace and Locality in the Collective Identity ofMobile and Displaced Popula tions"; while a third, organized by Roger Rouse, was titled "Trans formers:TheCulturalPoliticsofBricolage."Earlyversionsofallessays in this collectionwere originallypresentedin these sessions,with the exceptionofGupta's"TheSongoftheNonalignedWorld" andGupta andFerguson's "Culture,Power, Place: Ethnographyatthe Endofan Era,"whichwerewrittenlater. The papers by Malkki, Borneman, Ferguson, Rofel, Gupta, and Gupta and Ferguson ("Beyond 'Culture'") all appeared in a special 1992 issue of C1!-lturalAnthropology (7 [1]) devoted to the theme of spaceandplaceinanthropology.Theyarereprintedhere (insubstan tiallyrevisedform) withthekindpermissionoftheAAA.Wealsothank MichaelWattsfor contributing a thoughtful commentary to the Cul tural Anthropology volume, which we have found stimulating in the continuingdevelopmentofourownthinkingaboutspaceandplace. ItwasArjunAppaduraiwhofirst suggested thatthe themeswe had originally developed as AAA sessions might be brought together and whofirstputusintouchwithoneanother.Forthat,hehasourthanks and appreciation.Akhil Guptawouldalso like to thankLisaRofelfor co-organizing the original panel, and PurnimaMankekar, whose crit ical reading and commentary throughout has contributed much to the project.JamesFergusonwouldlike to acknowledge the influence ofLiisaMalkki'sthinkingin shapinghisideasaboutspace, place, and identity. Heracutecommentsandimaginativediscussioncontributed greatlytothisproject.HealsothanksRogerRouseforalong, thought ful conversation about the themes integrating the volume. We are both grateful toJohn Petersfor a helpful critical reading ofboth the viii ACKNOWL.a£DGM£NTS introductory essay and "Beyond 'Culture' " at a late stage. We thank KenWissokeratDukeUniversityPressfor hisunflaggingsupportand confidence in the project, through what has been a sometimes diffi cultprocess. Finally, we are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for Duke University Press for a host of unusually valuable and con structivesuggestionsthathavehelpedtomakethisabetterbook. Culture,Power,Place:EthnographyattheEndofanEra AKHIL GUPTA AND JAMES FERGUSON AFTER "PEOPLES AND CULTURES" .It has become usual to assert that the theoretical thread linking twentieth-centuryAmericanculturalanthropologythroughitsvarious moodsandmanifestationshasbeentheconceptofculture.Inasense, this is true. Certainly, the Boasian success in establishing the auton omy ofthe cultural from biological-cum-racial determination set the stage for the mostimportant theoretical developments to follow. But perhapsjustas central as the conceptof"culture" has been whatwe mightcall the conceptof"cultures": the idea thata world ofhuman differencesis to be conceptualizedas a diversityofseparate societies, eachwithitsownculture.Itwasthiskeyconceptualmovethatmadeit possible,intheearlyyearsofthecentury,tobeginspeakingnotonlyof culture butalso of"aculture"- a separate, individuated cultural en tity, typicallyassociatedwith "apeople," "atribe," "anation," and so forth (Stocking 1982:202-3).1 It was this entity ("a culture") that providedthe theoreticalbasisforcross-culturalcomparison, aswellas the normal frame for ethnographic description (hence accounts of "Hopi culture," fieldwork "among the Ndembu," and so on). This often implicit conceptualization ofthe world as a mosaic ofseparate cultures is what made it possible to bound the ethnographic object andtoseekgeneralizationfrom amultiplicityofseparatecases.2 The later development ofthe idea of"a culture" as forming a sys tem ofmeaning only reinforced this vision ofthe world.3 A culture, whether pictured as a semiotic system to be deciphered (Marshall Sahlins) orasatexttoberead (CliffordGeertz),requireddescription
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