Culture and Change in Central European Prehistory: 6th to 1st millenium BC (2007) PDF
Preview Culture and Change in Central European Prehistory: 6th to 1st millenium BC (2007)
67061_culture and change 25/09/07 8:29 Side 1 CULTURE AND CHANGE 67061_culture and change 25/09/07 8:29 Side 3 H e l l e V a n d k i l d e CULTURE AND CHANGE IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN PREHISTORY 6th to 1st millennium BC 67061_culture and change 25/09/07 8:29 Side 4 CULTURE AND CHANGE in Central European Prehistory © Aarhus University Press and Helle Vandkilde 2007 Layout & cover: Hanne Kolding English revision: Mary Waters Lund, Deborah Olausson Proof-reading & index: Nina Nielsen Illustration editing: Jeanette Varberg, Peter Jensen Type face: Rotis Serif ISBN 978 87 7934 976 6 Aarhus University Press Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Aarhus N Denmark www.unipress.dk Gazelle Book Services Ltd. White Cross Mills, Hightown Lancaster, LA1 4XS www.gazellebooks.co. The David Brown Book Company (DBBC) P.O. Box 511 Oakville CT 06779 USA www.oxbowbooks.com Published with the financial support of The Danish Research Council for the Humanities, Aarhus University Research Foundation, Hielmstierne-Rosencroneske Stiftelse, Landsdommer V. Gieses Legat 4 67061_culture and change_r1 30/09/07 11:49 Side 5 CONTENTS 7 Preface PART I 11 1. Culture and Change: Interpretive Framework PART II 25 2. The First Food Producing Communities 41 3. The Social Breakthrough of Copper-based Metallurgy 59 4. Social Integration of Secondary Products PART III 65 5. Elitist Conduct and Commemoration of Warriorhood 91 6. Bronze Metallurgy and Social Hierarchy 121 7. The Golden Age of the Sword PART IV 163 8. Towards Urbanisation and State Formation: Conclusions 183 References and Further Reading 199 Geographical Index 203 Index of Names 205 Subject Index 5 KLUMME 67061_culture and change 25/09/07 8:29 Side 6 6 KLUMME 67061_culture and change 25/09/07 8:29 Side 7 PREFACE This book is an introductory essay about central European prehistory from the first agricultural communities to the formation of urban soci- eties and states several millennia later. It may, I hope, be of interest to a general readership, but students of Scandinavian archaeology may in particular find it helpful. In my experience students have difficulty in obtaining a fairly detailed and, at the same time, cohesive overview of central European prehistory. One obstacle is that much of the relevant literature is in German, which is no longer a natural part of young peoples’ training in Scandinavia. Even those who feel at home in that language may feel at a loss when confronted with the mass of empirical detail. Scandinavian prehistory can, furthermore, hardly be understood isolated from a broad and deep European perspective. Several anthologies have been published in recent years about European prehistory (e.g. Cunliffe 1997; Milisauskas 2002; Bogucki & Crabtree 2004); and a series of monographs has been written about individual periods in Europe (e.g. Collis 1984; Whittle 1996; Harding 2000; Kristiansen 1998; Kristiansen & Larsson 2005). The present book is unusual in that it takes a central European perspective and reviews the entire period from c. 6000 BC to around the birth of Christ, consis- tently drawing attention, however, to patterns of interaction with other parts of Europe and with a certain emphasis on the later Neolithic and the Bronze Age. It highlights culture as well as change and thus presents a cultural-historical outline – not in the traditional sense – but rather inspired by French historians’ attempts to integrate various levels of history. It is also akin to the way Ian Morris uses the term in his latest book about Iron Age Greece (2000), hence emphasising cultural and social processes on various levels. Thus, the perspective is discursive and interpretative, yet critical towards mainstream models that have tended to become unquestioned ‘truths’. I have simultaneously tried to 7 PREFACE 67061_culture and change 25/09/07 8:29 Side 8 mediate a respect for the archaeological data, which are our main entrance to prehistoric society – indeed the only voice of past human agents. Our understanding of prehistoric social practices has evidently been much improved over the last decades owing to the qualified research of colleagues in many countries. This success owes much to the combination of archaeological data with sociological theories, among these the interactive relationship between human agency, society and material culture. The book is divided into four parts encompassing in total eight chapters. Part I introduces the main theme of culture and change. Part II highlights the partly parallel adoption and spread of agriculture and copper-based metallurgy during the 6th, 5th and 4th millennia BC; two major ingredients in the practices that shaped societies of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Part III discusses the close companionship of increas- ing metal use and hierarchization of social practice. This middle section, about the later Neolithic and the Bronze Age, is certainly in overweight measured in number of pages, depth of discussions, number of refer- ences, etc. – hence revealing my own research preferences. Part IV is a brief closing debate, or epilogue, discussing the first more definite establishment of political power in the 1st millennium BC on the back- ground of the general social trends of the 6th to 2nd millennia. Indeed the period 3000-700 BC (Part III with chapters 5-7) forms the heart of the book with the earlier Neolithic and the early Iron Age as preamble and postscript respectively. Situated action and culture on the one hand, and macro-regional social processes on the other hand, are considered equally important; a joint venture that distinguishes the whole time span, and of course transcends it. Particular attention is nonetheless paid to certain dynamic periods of change – watersheds in the early social history of Europe – which seem to have occurred repeatedly with 8 PREFACE 67061_culture and change 25/09/07 8:29 Side 9 fairly regular time intervals and which often seem connected to inno- vations in the technological or social realm. In brief, the social uses of knowledge have been essential in shaping societies and their culture from a very early date. It remains to be said that the bibliography con- tains selected references for further reading. My thanks in particular go to my two friends and colleagues Deborah Olausson and Carole Gillis, who are committed to the archaeology of northern Europe and the Aegean respectively. Our common enterprise first developed as part of the ‘Roots course’ which later became “The Dawn of European Culture from Stone Age to Cities” (cp. Gillis, Olausson & Vandkilde 2004). These courses were taught at the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History at Lund University from 1999 onwards. The three of us agreed, and often disagreed, in our interpreta- tions of European prehistory, especially about what separated and what united Europe in this vast period of time and not least about which social models were optimal. These discussions and fruitful entanglements constitute the foundation of this study, which was further enriched through the comments of two anonymous referees. The manuscript was finished after my return, in August 2004, to the Institute of Anthropology, Archaeology and Linguistics at the University of Aarhus. The last changes were made in July 2006. Further acknowledgements This book has been published with financial support from The Danish Research Council for the Humanities and Aarhus University Research Foundation, as well as from the Hielmstierne-Rosencroneske Stiftelse and Landsdommer V. Gieses Legat. 9 PREFACE 67061_culture and change 25/09/07 8:29 Side 10 PART I
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