Culture : a critical review of concepts and definitions PDF
Preview Culture : a critical review of concepts and definitions
Ttt1s "0-P BooK" ls AN At 'THORJZED RE r R 1 NT o F TH F. ORIGINAL E01T10N, PRom•ci-:u RY :'\f1<:ROFILM-X vRox nY UNIVERSITY l\·hcROFn.Ms, I :'lie., Al':N ..\RROR, :\flr.m<;A 'I, 196~ CULTURE A CRITICAL REVIE\V OF CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS PAPERS OP THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ARCH.tEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOL. XLVIl-NJ. l CULTURE A CRITICAL REVIE\V OF CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS BY A. L. KROEBER AND CLYDE KLUCICHOHN WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF WAYXE VXTER:~IXElt AND APPENDICES BY ALFRED G. 1.fEYER CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. PUBLISHED BY THE MUSEUM 1952 -- 51 426µ v.47 ! 110. Plusn:o BY TIIE H\R\.ARD UNIVEJlSlTY P1U~TISG 0.-FICE C.':\lBRIDC£. MASSACHl:SETTS, C .S. ' · ACKNO\VLEDG~IENTS W E A.RE indebted to Professor Robert Cohen & \\'est. Ltd. (British Edition) anJ The Free Bierstedt for access to his master's thesis, Press (American Edition): E. E. Evans-Prin:hard"s only a small portion of which has been pub Social Anthropology ( 1951 ). lished. His extensive bibliography through Columbia Uni\·ersicy Press: Abram Kardiner's The 1935 greatly lightened our task, and his text lnJh-idu.zl .inJ His Society ( 1939) and Ralph Limon's TIJe Science of M.m in the JVorlJ Crisis was also suggestive to us at many points. \Ve (1945). have also benefited from the memoranda and E. P. Durton & Co~ Inc.: Alexander Leighton·s records, largely unpublished, of the Commit Hum.in Relations in a Ch.mging WorlJ (1949). tee on Conceptual lntcgr3tion of the American Farrar. Straus, and Young, Inc.: Leslie \\:hitc· s Sociological Society (Albert Blumenthal, The Science of CtJture (1949). Chairman) of which one of us ( C. K.) \Vas a The Free Press: S. F. ~adel's The FounJ.ztions of member in its later stage. Dr. Alfred ~leyer Soci.zl Anthropology (!~so). was very helpful, especially with the German Harcourt. Brace and Company, Inc.: A. L. Krocbcr·s materials. To Professor Leslie \Vhite we owe and T. T. \\'atennan·s Source Book in Anthropology several references that we probably \VOttld not ( 1931 >. Krocber's Anthropology ( 1948). anJ lewis have discovered ourseh-es. Professor Jerome Mumford's The Culture of Cities ( 1<n8). D. C. Heath and Company: Franz Boas anJ others' Bruner has made clarifying suggestions. Dr. Gener.ii Anthropology ( 1938). Walter Taylor and Paul Friedrich kindly read The Hogarth Press: Geza Roheim's The RiJJle of the manuscript and made suggestions. tbe Sphinx ( 1934). Wayne Untereiner, Richard Hobson, Clif A. :\. Knopf, Inc.: .\t. J. Herskovits' .\Ian md His ford Geenz, Jr., Charles Griffith, ::md Ralph Jr orks ( 1948), anJ A. A. Goldenweiscr's History, Patrick (all graduate students in anthropology Psychology and Cultme (1933). at Harvard University) have not only done The .\tacmillan Company: G. P. Murdock"s Soci.Jl unusually. competent work as rcscarc:1 assist Strllcturc ( 19-tg). ants; each has made significant criticisms of McGraw-Hill Book Company, In~.: Ellsworth f an~·s content and sty!e. \Ve ha\·c placed the name The N.zture of Humm Natttrc (1917}, Talcott of l\fr. Cntereiner on the title-page because Parsons' The Strocttlre of Soci.zl Action (19J7), and \\'. D. \\.allis's Culture md Progren (1930). he made major contrihutions to our theoreti cal formulat!ons. 1 c arc also Qrateful for ~lethucn & Company: R. R. ,\lart:tt's Psychology .mJ \· Folklore ( 1920). the scrupulously careful \i.-·ork of Hermia Kap Oxford Cnivcrsiry Prc~s: ,\feyer for.cs· The 1Veb lan, ~lildred Geiger, Lois \Valk, ~luriel Le,·in, of Kinrhip Among tbc T.11/emi ( 1949). Ka~hryn G?re, and Carol T rosch in typing Routledge anJ Keg.in P Jul, LtJ.: Ray munJ Finh' s vanous versions of the manuscript. and to the Primiti-t:e Polynesi111Z Economy (1939). four first-named in collatina bibliographical l'niversity of California Press: Edward Sapir'1 references and editorial checkinu and to Cor Selected JV ritings of EJi;;:rrd Sapir in Language, delia Galt and N3talie Stoddard ~·ho edited the Culwre, and Person.ility (edited by D. G. 1\bndcl monograph. baum) (1949). ."":e thank the following publishers for per The Viking Press, Inc.: \V. F. Ogburn's Social Change m1ss10n to quote from copyrighted materials: (r950). \Vans & Company: Raymond Firth's Elements of Addison-\Vcsley Press. Inc.: G. K. Zipfs Hwnan Soci.il Orgmiution ( 1951 ) • Behm:ior and the Principle of Lean Eflort ( 1949). Yale Universicy Press: C. S. Ford's "A Simple Com Applcton-Cenrury-Crofts, Inc.: A . .\. Goldenweiser·s parative Analysis of Material Culture," and G. P. Antb1-opology ( 1937). Murdock's Editorial Preface, both of which appear The Century Co.: C. A. Ellwood's Cultural fa:olution in Studies in the Science of Society Presented to ( 1917 ). Albert Galloway Keller (1937). v CO~TENTS ACKNOWLEDGM~'iTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v GROUP E: STRUCTURAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 INTRODUCTION' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Emphasis on the patterning or organization PART I: GENERAL HISTORY OF THE of culture . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 61 WORD CULTURE .................. . 9 Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 1. Brief survey ............................ . 9 GROUP F: GENETIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ z. c:ivilization ... .......................... . II F-1. Emphasis on culture as a product or J· Rcbtion of civilization and culture ....... . 13 anifact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 4- The distinction of civilization from culrure Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6s in American sociology .................. . 13 F-11. Emphasis on ideis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 S· The attempted distinction in Germany ... . is Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6. Phases in the history of the concept of cul- F-IU. Emph3sis on symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 ture in Germany ....................... . 18 Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 7. Culture as a concept of eighteenth-century F-IV. Residual category definitions . . . . . . . . . . 70 general history ......................... . 18 Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 8. Kant to Hegel .......................... . l.J GROUP G: l~CO\IPLETE DEflSITIOSS 71 9. Analysis of KJemm's use of the word "Cul- Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 tu.r" ............ ' ....................... . 24 NDEXES TO DEfl~lTIO~S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7J 10. The concept of culture in Germany since A: Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7J 1850 •••••••••••..•.••..•..•..••.•••..•.. 16 B: Conceptual clements in definitions . . . . . . • 14 1 r. "Kultu.r" and "Schrecklichkeit" .......... . 28 \Vords not included in lndu B . . . . . . . . . . • 78 11. Danilevslcy ............................. . 19 PART III: so~.tE STATEMENTS ABOUT 13. "Culture" in the humlnitie:; in England and CULTURE ............................ 8J elsewhere ............................... . 29 I~"TRODUCTIOS . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 8J 14. Dictionary definitions ................... . 3J GROUP a: THE ~ATlJRE OF ClJLTv'RE 84 •S· General discussion ...................... . 3S Con1ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Addendum: Febvre on cit-ili1mon .......... . J7 GROUP b: THE CO.\tPO~"E.'.\rfS OF CUL- PART II: DEFINITIONS ................ . 41 TVRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9S IN'TRODUCTIO~ ........................ . 41 C,omment ................ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 GROUP A: DESCRIPTIVE ............... . 4J GROUP c: DISTl~CTl\'f. PROPERTIF.S OF Brend definitions with emf-h:lSb on enwnc:ra CULTURE ............................. 99 tion of conttnt: usually inrluenced by Tylor ·H · Con11nent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Comment .............................. . 44 Summary of propenies ................... 101 GROUP B: HISTORICAL ................ . 47 GROUP d: CULT CRE A~D PSYCHOLOGY 101 Emphasis on social heritage or tradition .. : .. . 47 .. Comment ................................. 109 Comment .......•.................•..... 48 GROUP C: NOR.\IAT IVE ................ . so GROUP e: CULTURE A~D LA~GUAGE 115 C-1. Emphasis on rule or way ............. . so Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 l .J GROUP f: RELATIO~ OF CGLTURE TO Comment .............•......•.•....•••• JI SOCIETY, NDIVIDUALS, ENVIROS- C-Il. Emphasis on j,foals or values plus be- MEST, AND ARTIFACTS ............. us r havior ................................. . 51 Comment ....... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1J1 Comment .............................. . H GROUP D: PSYCHOLOGICAL ........... . SS ADDESDA ................................ 1 J9 NDEX TO AUTHORS~ PART III ....... 141 0-1. Emphasis on adjustment, on culture as a problem.solving device .................. . ss• PART IV: SUMMARY AND CONCLU- Comment .............................. . 56 SIONS ................................. •.is D-Il. Emphasis on learning ................ . 58 A: SU.\1.\1ARY .........................•.. 1.;s Comment .............................. . 59 \\'ord and concept ......................... •.is ~ 0-In. Emphasis on habit ................... . 6o Philosophy of history .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . 14s Comment •..•................•.........• 6o Use of culture in Germany .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •-46 0-IV. Purely psychological definitions ..... . 6o Spread of the concept and resistances . . . . . . . . 1¢ t Conunent .•.•.••..............•..•.•.••. 6o Culrure and civiliution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 147 vii Culture as an emergent or level . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Significance and values ..................... 171 Dc6rurions of culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 ~ Values and relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Before and after 1910 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 149 C: CONO..USION ......................... 18o The pbce of Tylor and Wissler ............. 150 A final review of the conceptual problem .... 18o The course of post-1910 definit:ons . . . . . . . . . 1 p Review of aspects of our own position . . . . . . . 184 IUnk order of clemencs entering into post- REFER.E..."'CES ............................... 193 1930 definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SJ APPL"'DICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Number of clements entering into single defi- APPL'1DLX A: HISTORICAL NOTES ON nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 54 IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE Firul comments on definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 54 CONCEPT OF CULTURE IN GER Sutemcnts about culrure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 S7 MANY A.'-"D RUSSL.\, by Alfred G. B: G~'JERAL FEATURES OF CULTURE . 159 Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • 107 lnregration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 APPENDIX B: THE USE Or' THE TER.\t Historicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 159 CULTURE IN THE SCVIET UNION Unifo m1ities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 by Alfred G. Meyer . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 J Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 INDEX OF NA.\tES OF PERSO~S .......... 111 CULTURE A CRITICAL REVIE\V OF CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
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