Cultural Resource Management... Volume 22, No. 5... United States Department of the Interior... 1999

46 Pages·1999·9.8 MB·English

by  Department of the Interior

CULTURAL RESOURCE MA
VOLUME 22 NO.5 1999
, g U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
National Park Service
Cultural Resources — Re
Contents VOLUME 22 NO.5 1999
ISSN 1068-4999
Giving Research a Voice—Interpreting
History in the Real World
Jill Hanson
Garden Apartments —Three Preservation
San Juan National Historic Site Celebrates Case Studies in Virginia
| its 50th Anniversary Gail Baker
Milagros Flores
Dayton Aviation Heritage National
100 Years of Resource Stewardship— Historical Park—A Non-Traditional Park
Mount Rainier’s Archives Project ST bttttiteesanessssrenned 26
Nancy M. Shader, Ronald W. Johnson
Alison Costanza, and
Deborah Osterberg Paul Laurence Dunbar
Ann Deines
Disaster Relief, Recovery, and
Historic Preservation—Arkansas and its American Samoa Prepares its Historic
i chthicusstesengasteré 10 District for Centennial ............. 32
Ken Story John Enright
Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS Commemorating the Underground
Railroad in Canada................ 33
A Pragmatic Rehabilitation—The
Continuing Use of Arisbe,
Home of C.S. Peirce ............54. 35
Thomas E. Solon
Saving The Star-Spangled Banner—A
NPS-Smithsonian Partnership
Anna Von Lunz and
Scott S. Shea's
Training for Law Enforcement—
A Tribal Michael S. Sheehan,
Lauren B. Sickels-Taves, and
Jennifer L. Bjork
Aberdeen Proving Ground Uncovers 17th-
century Settlement of
David G. Blick
Cover: Top left, Wrignt Flyer Ill, see storyp . 26; top right, Cape Hatteras lighthouse, phobty Sotev e
Kozosky, see story p. 22: bottom left, visitors at Nisqually Entrance, Mt. Rainier National Park, c.
1575, photo taken by Lioyd Linkletter, first park concession photographer 1908-1915, see story p.
8; bottom right, ElM orro, San Juan National Historic Site, photo by Steve Kozosky, see story, p.5.
Statements of fact and viows are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM
advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles and correspondence to the Editor, CRM, U.S. Department of the interior, National Park
Service, Cultural Resources, 18C4 St9ree t, NW, Suite 350NC, Washington, DC 20240; 202-343-8164, fax [phone]; email: <[email protected]>.
2 CRNo M5s—1 999
Jill Hanson
Giving Research a Voice
Interpreting History in the Real World
very year, the National Park island and its inhabitants and the issues sur-
Service produces research reports rounding the preservation of the island’s cultura!
on its parks and their historic resources.
resources. Historic resource stud- At Timucuan Ecological and Historic
ies, National Register of Historic Places nomina- Preserve, a 200-plus page Historic Resource
tions, administrative histories, and other required Study was transformed into a 24-page booklet to
documents investigate the history of the parks, be sold in the park’s Eastern National book store.
describing the significance of historic buildings, The original study, researched and written by a
structures, and landscapes, and providing historic contracted Ph.D. historian, provided four his-
contexts for their evaluation. Although these doc- toric contexts and evaluated the significance of
uments are printed and distributed, they reach a the historic structures and sites in the 46,000-
limited audience. Because of the technical nature acre park. Park interpr..ive staff condensed the
of the text and a lack of funding for wider distri- history of Kingsley Plantation contained in one
bution, NPS staff, those with access to academic of the contexts into an easily readable format and
libraries, and peer historians are often the only included historic photographs of many of the
readers of these reports. Recently, the Cultural buildings as well as copies of plantation journal
Resources Stewardship division of the NPS entries in the booklet. The use of primary
Southeast Regional Office has sought to provide research conducted by an experienced historian
the research found in these internal government with a background in Florida history in the guide
reports to a wider audience, specifically focusing
on supplying more information to the region's
park visitors through interpretive media such as
site bulletins, brochures, posters, and web pages.
The interpretive tools focus on little-told
interpretive stories in order to attract more
diverse audiences to the parks. For example,
national park units created to preserve significant
natural resources may have little or no informa-
tion on the historic buildings or other features
|H ISTORY OF THE
that are also found in the park. At Cumberland
iT GEORGE PLANTATION
Island National Seashore, visitors have access to
es a
site bulletins and exhibits about the wilderness
area on the island and the endangered natural
resources the park was created to protect, but
find little information about the many extant cul-
tural resources on the island. Recent research
completed for a National Register of Historic
Places nomination documented the history of
African-American settlement on the island.
Summarized and rewritten with a visitor's frame
of reference in mind, the research has heen used
to create a site bulletin about African-American
history on Cumberland Island. The bulletin, a
free handout at the park visitor center, seeks to
give visitors a sense of the broader history of the
CRM No 5—1999
book helped ensure factual content and provided for the region's parks are being developed that
visitors with new information. Interpretive staff provide potential visitors with a virtual look at a
created text and a graphic layout that would be park and its resources. The first park web page
accessible to a range of ages and reading levels. created by the Southeast Region's team built on
This combination of research talent and interpre- an existing site for Castillo de San Marcos
tive skills has been a key factor in the success of National Monument. Historical research com-
the booklet. pleted for the park was converted to a graphic
A third interpretive tool undertaken by the format in order to provide a virtual tour of the
Southeast Region and currently in the final stages primary resource at the park, the 17th-century
of development explores the Gullah culture on Spanish fortification on the Matanzas River in St.
the Sea Islands and coastal areas of Georgia and Augustine, Florida. The site is interactive, provid-
South Carolina. Gullah communities, created by ing links to more in-depth information about the
African slaves from different tribes and main- resources at the park, the history of the park and
tained by their descendants, have a unique cul- the surrounding area, park activities, and detailed
ture that developed as a result of the geographic images of the fort, museum exhibits, and the St.
isolation of the slaves and the combination of Augustine community. Other web pages under
cultural influences from their various tribal development include sites for Fort Matanzas
groups and their Euramerican owners. The National Monument and Chattahoochee River
Gullah site bulletin and other interpretive media National Recreation Area. The expanded web
are created by NPS historians whose specializa- pages project will provide a consistent design and
tions may lie in other fields of history. As a result, layout for parks in the region.
comments are solicited from outside scholars in Future plans for interpretive products
the field in order to produce a more accurate include linking park web sites in specific geo-
publication. Scholars specializing in Gullah cul- graphic areas in order to provide visitors with
ture, Gullah preservationists, and members of travel information for specific parts of the south-
Gullah communities were all contacted and asked east; writing site bulletins for parks such as Civil
to review the Gullah bulletin before distributing War battlefields to relate stories of commemora-
it to the park. tion, park development, women’s history, or
The majority of the interpretive products other areas of the site’s history where information
created in the Southeast Regional Office is may be lacking; continuing to explore the possi-
funded by the Park Service, either from service- bilities for outside sources of funding; and team-
wide project funds or from park budgets. ing up on projects with park staff and indepen-
However, attempts to garner financial support dent scholars in order to provide more accurate
from outside sources have shown promise. The and informative products.
Golden Crescent project, which sought to create
a brochure, poster, video, and web site to pro- Jill Hanson is a historian with the Southeast Regional
Office, National Park Service.
mote visitation to parks, museums, and other his-
toric sites along the coasts of Georgia and
Florida, received initial funding support from the
National Park Service even though the interpre-
tive media described parks, historic sites, muse-
ums, and other resources managed by state and
local governments, private organizations, and
non-profit agencies as well as the National Park
Service. Although NPS funding for the project
was discontinued, the state tourism and parks
departments in Georgia and Florida committed
to funding reprints of the brochure to ensure
continuing distribution.
The Southeast Region utilizes new tech-
nologies in its efforts to provide historical
research to a wider audience. Expanded web sites
CRM No 5—1999
Milagros Flores
San Juan National Historic Site
Celebrates its 50th Anniversary
he defense system of Old San In the immediate post-Wold War II years,
Juan was built by the Spaniards historians, preservationists, and groups interested
between the 16th and the 18th in tourism joined forces to secure establishment
centuries to protect its most of a San Juan National Historic Site. It was
strategical location on the island of Puerto Rico, understood that the National Park Service was
which was San Juan harbor. By right of conquest, the most suitable agency to manage the Site to
Spain claimed the Caribbean as her exclusive ter- conserve unimpaired the natural and cultural
ritory. To safeguard her New World possessions, resources, as well as its values for the enjoyment,
fortifications were built to maintain her trade education, and inspiration of this and future gen-
monopoly against England, France, and Holland. erations. In 1948, the Department of the Army
El Morro and El Cafiuelo forts protected and the Department of the Interior reached an
the city from sea attacks, whereas San Cristébal agreement regarding future management of the
fort protected against land approaches. The city area. Since the fortifications had an exceptional
walls provided additional protection to its popu- importance to the nation as major monuments of
lation. American history, preservation projects were
Because of the growth of Old San Juan's started. The first significant work started when a
population during the late-19th century, a sec- section of the west wall (Sta. Elena and San
tion of the city wall was demolished. After the Agustin) were rebuilt, along with some sentry
Spanish-American War (1898), Puerto Rico was boxes.
ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris Although San Juan National Historic Site
signed that same year. was establish by the Secretary of the Interior on
The old Spanish defenses, San Felipe del February 14, 1949, it remained under the control
Morro, San Cristébal, El Cafiuelo, and the city of the Department of the Army as part of the
walls were used then by the U.S. Army for mili- Fort Brooke Military Reservation until
View of San tary purposes. The San Military Reservation September 1961. The site was comprised of Fort
Juan National Headquarters of the U.S. Army Antilles, was later El Morro, Fort San Cristébal, the city walls, Fort
Historic Site. known as Fort Brooke Military Reservation, after El Cafiuelo, and Casa Blanca.
Photo by Steve
the Commanding General John R. Brooke. Research and collection of historical data
Kozosky.
were started immediately in order to make infor-
mation available to the public by means of
exhibits, lectures, markers, and publication of
folders. The first tour started at El Morro on
January 18, 1950, led by park guide Julio
Marrero Nufiez who in 1962 became the first
Puerto Rican superintendent.
In September 13, 1961, the U.S. Army
determined that the forts, the city walls, and EI
Cafiuelo were no longer essential to the military
establishment of Fort Brooke, and that conse-
quently the historic structures, with adjacent
lands could be transferred to the jurisdiction of
the National Park Service. A total area of 36 acres
was involved. On El Morro grounds, areas such
as the baseball field, golf course, swimming pool,
and housing facilities were dismantled.
CRM No 5—1999
Visitor services expanded, Fort San The visitor services facilities and programs
Cristébal was opened to the public in 1961. The have grown according to its demands. Around
National Park Service headquarters also moved to two million visitors came to our forts and partici-
Fort San Cristébal. pated in the various interpretive programs devel-
A cooperative agreement was signed oped, such as guided tours, audiovisual presenta-
between the Department of the Interior and the tions in English and Spanish, and self guided
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1976, It audio cassette tours. To further interpret the his-
defines the areas of jurisdiction and responsibil- tory of the sites, waysides were designed and
ity. This agreement establishes a good-neighbor placed within the park. New exhibits were added
policy whereby the Park Service and the to the already existing museum at El Morro.
Commonwealth consult with each other as As a contribution to the interpretive pro-
required to ensure the “smooth management” of gram, the Municipality of San Juan worked
the historic site. together with the park in establishing a living his-
During the 1960s and 1970s, research pro- tory program. Men dressed as Spanish colonial
grams were started to interpret and preserve the soldiers marched along the streets of Old San
historic structures. During the 1980s, a period of Juan, ending with a recreation of the change of
in-depth planning took place. In 1983, San Juan guard at San Cristébal Fort.
National Historic Site, including La Fortaleza, The park that once started with a small
was declared a World Heritage Site because of its staff, has grown to allow a diverse group of pro-
exceptional universal cultural value. fessionals which contribute with their knowledge
A series of guidelines for the park was cre- and expertise. San Juan National Historic Site
ated to assess management, development, and use staff consists of the following divisions:
of San Juan National Historic Site. Short- and Management, Administration, Interpretation,
long-term goals were established in documents Visitor Protection (law enforcement), Resource
such as the General Management Plan, and the Management, Maintenance, and the latest estab-
Historic Structure Report to address current prob- lished Fee Collection, and the Caribbean Spanish
lems and achieve identified management objec- Colonial Research Center and Military Archives.
tives. The 1990s has been characterized by the
As part of the preservation projects, the implementation of what has been recommended
Army Corp of Engineers once again joined by the research done through the years. Some of
efforts with the National Park Service in planning the preservation projects that were developed
and completing a water breaker to protect the included the Santa Elena Powder Magazine and
historic structures of El Morro, and its adjacent El Morro lighthouse restoration. As part of a five-
walls. In order to bring back the original land- year research program, historic walls underwent
s_ ape (esplanade) of San Felipe del Morro Fort, preservation work.
the main road, parking area, and trees were Summer provided the time to involve the
removed. community and the local artists in a “story-
telling” program. San Cristébal Fort main plaza
came alive with the performance of well known
stories and legends.
The casemates have been used to accommo-
date new exhibits that commemorate significant
historical events. In 1997 a display of informa-
tion and graphics on the 1797 British attack was
developed.
In preparation to receive the 21st century,
the park has been involved in the design of new
museum exhibits and visitor centers for both
forts. To meet the overall objectives, the follow-
ing themes will focus on the strategic location of
Puerto Rico, its place in the Spanish Colonial
Empire in the Caribbean, and the world interna-
tional conflicts between the Spanish, Dutch,
CRM No 5—1999
approach in the learning process. While “Parks as
Classrooms” focuses on the evolution of the forts,
“Wonders of the World” emphasizes the unique-
ness of the forts being a World Heritage Site.
In keeping up with the new technology, San
Juan National Historic Site joined the National
Park Service format by creating its own web site.
You may access it using the following address:
<www.nps.gov/saju/index 2.html>.
The interpretive program will continue its
expansion providing a variety of services. While
research will be an on-going process, it will allow
for historical projects like “Voices of Fort Brooke
Oral History,” and publications.
The Caribbean Spanish Colonial Research
Center and Military Archives will be a tool for
in-depth investigations. Its materials will be cata-
English, French, and Americans for control of the
EI Morro Castle, logued using the latest technology to allow its
San Juan Caribbean: the technology of fortifications
researchers a quick access to their information
National Historic emphasizing the European military engineers
needs.
Site, 1999.
who designed the forts with specific defensive
Photo courtesy Protection of our resources would not be
San Juan goals; the United States in Puerto Rico, and the possible without the efforts and involvement of
National Historic role of the forts in the Spanish-American War,
our skilled staff. It is our commitment to con-
Site.
World War I and II; and the Puerto Rican
tinue preserving our unique legacy for future
Heritage (Taino, black, and European).
generations.
Educational programs development are on-
going projects that will allow students to learn
Milagros Flores is the historian for the San Juan National
about our history. “Parks as Classrooms” and Historic Site and Director oft he Caribbean Spanish
“Wonders of the World” are dedicated to move Colonial Research Center and Military Archives.
the history classroom to the forts as a first-hand
Electronic Rehab
Want tot akea “web clas”t hatsb othi nformative andf un? ELECTRONIC REHAB is now |
| online. . . and interact!i Gvoe t o e-rehab>.
VisitE LECTRONIC REHAB theN ational ParkS ervice'sv eryf irsth istoricp reservation dis
tance learning esha climate ren odo eam a
| Cooperatively
Stewardshianpd
| Comrie Galant
ELECTRONIC REHAB introduces theSe cretaryo fth Ien terior Standardsf orRe habilitation
| toa nyone who is thinking aboutr ehabilitating
a historic owners, architects,
| engineers, contractors, members ofh istoric district commissions, and maintenance per- |
sonnel and other caretakers f historic buildings. |
Learn what the Standards are,w ho uses them, how they're applied, what tod ob efore you
| start work, and the DOs and DON'Ts ofr ehabilitation. Each Standard is
with illustrated |
examples ofp roject work. To test your understanding oft he Standards, ELECTRONIC REHAB
feaatf oullorw-eup squ iz on the rehabiliotf tawot hiisotonri c commercainad lon e
residential. es tats dah Godel eg thaS ean gaka natal ended onb owy ou
CRM No 5—1999
Nancy M. Shader, Alison Costanza, and Deborah Osterberg
100 Years of Resource Stewardship
Mount Rainier’s Archives Project
na clear day the phrase, “the Administration, Education, Natural and Cultural
mountain is out” can be heard Resources, Maintenance, Planning and
throughout Washington's Puget Professional Services and Visitor Protection and
Sound. It can mean only one Resource Protection. After consultation with
thing. Mount Rainier is visible today. For days, NARA and park staff, a decision was made to
sometimes even weeks in the gray winter, Mount include some files, normally scheduled for dis-
Rainier will remain hidden. Then suddenly, the posal. The most significant addition in this cate-
mountain appears from behind the clouds. gory was the historic concessions records.
Mount Rainier is an icon to the people of the Whiie some materials were not stored in
Pacific Northwest and a reminder of how much ideal circumstances, including a bat infested attic
they love living in this special region. In 1999, we and a leaky basement, overall the records were in
celebrate Mount Rainier’s centennial as our fairly good physical condition. The biggest obsta-
nation’s fifth national park. The park’s centennial cle was the loss of provenance and original order
provides not only an opportunity to enhance the for a large portion of the records. While it was
public’s sense of resource stewardship but also a clear the majority of records were created by park
chance to focus public attention on the park's staff, additional information about the origin of
rich cultural resources. the records was often difficult to establish. The
With the upcoming centennial in mind, a materials were arranged after the fact using the
team of NPS curators came to Mount Rainier current NPS filing system, even though a major-
Natioaal Park in 1993 to survey the archives. It ity of the records was created earlier than the start
was obvious the park had a wonderful collection of the system. The result was the loss of prove-
including textual materials, maps, architectural nance. Some records transferred to the project
plans, lantern slides and photographs. did have clear provenance including the
Unfortunately, the collections were scattered Superintendent's Annual Reports and Summit
throughout the park and access to the materials Registers. Other colleccions were artificially cre-
was difficult. If the park’s cultural resources were ated by park staff including the history collection
going to be celebrated in 1999, the archives had that contained materials collected by park
to be identified, processed and made available to employees during research projects on park his-
both the park staff and the public. The park tory. In each case, the project did not attempt to
looked to nearby Western Washington recreate the original order but maintained the
University’s Graduate Program in Archives and existing order. A history of each collection was
Records Management for assistance and the placed in the scope and content ~otes of the find-
Mount Rainier Archives Project was born. The ing aid.
project is a result of a cooperative agreement Another challenge during the early months
begun in 1995 between the NPS and Western of the project was park staff anxiety about remov-
with technical support provided by the National ing materials from park offices into a central,
Archives and Records Administration (NARA)— archival repository. Would the materials still be
Alaska Pacific Region (Seattle). accessible to park staff? Over time the park staff
Phase one of the project was to identify came to trust the project and realized that once
materials of historic value for processing and the material was processed and microfilmed,
microfilming. Over the years, the office of the everyone would have increased access to the
superintendent maintained a central files in the archives. All the permanent textu2! collections
administration building. These records were cre- were processed, stored in acid free folders and
ated by all park divisions including containers, and microfilmed by NARA. A copy
of the microfiche was placed in the park's library.
CRM No 5—1999
A finding aid, Records ofM ount Rainier National public) the project was able to provide a variety
Park, was prepared by project archivists, Nancy of materials. Extensive use of the Mount Rainier
M. Shader and Reid Coen and published by the archives was made for the following centennial
Government Printing Office (GPO) in 1998. publications and projects:
The 117-page publication includes a brief ¢ Archives and artifacts from the museum collec-
administrative history, a folder level description tion figured prominently in the Washington
of the materials in the archives, and a microfiche State History Museum (Tacoma) exhibit,
index. The GPO distributed one copy of the “Sunrise to Paradise: The Story of Mount
finding aid to every repository library in the Rainier National Park” and its companion
United States. Soon the entire text of the finding book by Ruth Kirk
aid will be placed on the park’s web site. * Archival records and historic image collections
Phase two of the Mount Rainier Archives were used in the official centennial book,
Project addressed the park's substantial historical Washington's Mount Rainier National Park: A
image collection containing over 14,000 pho- Centennial Celebration by Tim McNulty and
tographs, negatives, and lantern slides. Since a Pat O'Hara
majority of the images was already identified by Author Bruce Barcott used quotes from the
the photographers, or other park staff, an item park’s summit registers in his book Measure of
level inventory was created for each collection. a Mountain.
The information was stored in a Microsoft Access * Historic images and motion picture film were
database, which contained several fields including integrated into the one-hour documentary,
description, date, photographer, and subject. The “Rainier: The Mountain,” by KCTS (PBS-
database was developed prior to introduction of Seattle)
the upgraded NPS Automated National Catalog ¢ Architectural plans and historic images were
System (ANCS+) which has an image compo- consulted in preparation of 100 Years at
nent. Knowing a database would make answering Longmire Village, by Sarah Allaback, Victoria
reference and media requests for historical images Jacobson, and Ronald Warfield which focused
more efficient, the Access database seemed the on a portion of the park’s National Historic
best solution at the project's outset. Future plans Landmark District
include downloading digital images for a portion ¢ Archival records and historic images were used
of the image collections and cataloging each during the restoration of the White River
archives and image record group into ANCS+. Patrol Cabin and for preparation of an upcom-
Gaining physical and intellectual control ing, permanent NPS exhibit at the structure
over the archives led to an increased use of the celebrating the history of the park’s trai! system
records of Mount Rainier National Park. With The Mount Rainier Archives Project is now
each reference request (from the park staff or the in its third and final phase. During the next few
months the project archivist will answer numer-
ous reference requests and conduct outreach to
promote both the archives and the Mount
Rainier centennial. The project archivist will also
work closely with the park and NARA to ensure
the continued growth and management of the
archives. Only through consistent records man-
agement will materials created today be available
for researchers into the 21st century and beyond.
Nancy M. Shader, is the former Mount Rainier project
archivist and co-author oft he Records of Mount Rainier
National Park,
Alison Costanza, is the current Mount Rainier project
archivist, Western Washington University.
Deborah Osterberg is the museum curator at Mount
Rainier National Park.
CRM No 5—1999
Ken Story
Disaster Relief, Recovery, and
Historic Preservation
Arkansas and its 38 Tornados
he fact that 38 confirmed torna- served as the statewide point of contact for all
does in one evening killed only federal assistance for historic property owners,
three people is widely considered and as such developed a particularly close rela-
to be a miracle (not to mention a tionship with both the Federal Emergency
ringing endorsement of the hazardous weather Management Administration (FEMA) and the
warning system and the public/private partner- Small Business Administration (SBA).
ship that has made it so effective). Yet there The primary goal of the damage assessment
remains disagreement on the coordination of documentation—and the speed with which it
relief and recovery resources for owners of was executed—was to provide the earliest and
affected historic properties, of which there were most accurate damage assessments to those fed-
almost 500 statewide, and in spite of important eral agencies to whom homeowners would apply
successes. Largely through efforts that included for assistance and from whom funds would be
damage assessment, dissemination of useful pub- available for repair/rehabilitation/restoration
lic information, and coordination between public work. This information would give these agencies
and private partners—all of y hom were operat- the most accurate background on what was dam-
ing with the best of intentions—valuable lessons aged and how badly so that their representatives
were learned about what we did well, what we could be most helpful to property owners while
did not, and how to react more effectively next at the same time recognizing their responsibilities
time. under Section 106 of the National Historic
Though the tornadoes—and accompanying Preservation Act. Yet the long-term goal was to
high winds—struck various parts of the state on prevent the type of wholesale demolition that fre-
January 21, 1999, the damage to historic struc- quently occurs after such a disaster, often without
tures was concentrated in three communities: any understanding of the true extent of the dam-
Little Rock in central Arkansas, and the commu- age or the structural condition of the property in
nities of Beebe and McRae, located approxi- question. Toward this end—and though it was
mately 35 miles northeast of the capital city. The under no legal mandate to do so—it was also the
response of the Arkansas Historic Preservation SHPO’s intent to share this same information
Program (the State Historic Preservation Office) with local fire, safety, and code enforcement offi-
was immediate. Two National Register-listed dis- cials, primarily to make them cognizant of the
tricts—the MacArthur Park Historic District and alternatives to demolition and hopefully to
the Governor's Mansion Historic District—were encourage them to seek those options first.
impacted, in addition to several other individu- With these goals in mind, the SHPO’s
ally listed properties. The morning after the tor- damage assessment efforts were largely successful.
nadoes struck, several teams of historians traveled In fact, the information provided to the federal
through the hardest-hit areas of Little Rock, agencies prompted a FEMA representative to
photo-documenting the damage and filling out compliment the SHPO on its response, to
assessment forms; ultimately, nearly 500 historic inquire as to how we were able to react as swiftly
properties were visited over a three-day period. as we did, and to comment that Arkansas could
The State Historic Preservation Officer initiated serve as an example to other states in this regard
contact with city, state, and federal officials, (interestingly, it was also discovered through this
including the governor's office, to which daily process that the SBA had not been submitting
progress reports were provided. The SHPO routine Section 106 documentation to the
10 CRM No 5—1999