Cultural Processes: A Social Psychological Perspective PDF
Preview Cultural Processes: A Social Psychological Perspective
This page intentionally left blank cultural processes With the rapid growth of knowledge in the last two decades concerning ethnic and nationalgroupdifferencesinhumanbehaviors,researchersareincreasinglycuriousas to why, how, and when such differences surface. The field is ready to leapfrog from the descriptive science of group differences to the science of cultural processes. The goalofthisbookistolaydownthetheoreticalfoundationforthisexcitingdevelop- mentbyproposinganoriginalprocessmodelofculture.Thisnewperspectivediscusses andextendscontemporarysocialpsychologicaltheoriesofsocialcognitionandsocial motivationtoexplainwhyculturemattersinhumanpsychology.Weviewcultureasa loosenetworkofimperfectlysharedknowledgerepresentationsforcoordinatingsocial transactions.Assuch,cultureservesdifferentadaptivefunctionsimportantforindivid- uals’goalpursuits.Furthermore,withtheincreasinglyglobalizedandhyperconnected multiculturalworld,muchcanberevealedabouthowdifferentculturaltraditionscome intocontact.Theauthorsdiscussthepsychologicalramificationsoftheseculturalinter- actionstoilluminatethesocialandpracticalrelevanceoftheproposedprocessmodelof culture. AngelaK.-y.LeungisAssistantProfessorofPsychologyintheSchoolofSocialSciences attheSingaporeManagementUniversity(SMU).Herresearchseekstounderstandhow peopleparticipateactivelyindynamicculturalprocessesinbothintra-andintercul- turalcontexts,aswellasthepsychologicalimplicationsformulticulturalcompetence (e.g.,creativityandinterculturalcommunication).Sheisalsointerestedintheroleof embodimentintheacquisitionandendorsementofculturalvalues.Dr.Leunghaswon severalresearchawards,includingthefirsthonorablementionfortheOttoKlineberg InterculturalandInternationalRelationsAwardfromtheSocietyforthePsychological StudyofSocialIssues(SPSSI)in2009,theLeeFoundationResearchExcellenceAward, andtheSchoolofSocialSciencesResearchExcellenceAwardconferredbySMU. Chi-yue Chiu is Professor of Management and Marketing at Nanyang Technological University,Singapore.Hiscurrentresearchfocusesonthesocial,cognitive,andmotiva- tionalprocessesthatmediatetheconstructionandevolutionofsocialconsensusandon thedynamicinteractionsofculturalidentificationandculturalknowledgetraditions. Dr.ChiureceivedtheMisumiAwardfromtheJapaneseGroupDynamicsAssociation and Asian Association for Social Psychology in 2007, the Best Paper Award in Con- flict Resolution from the Academy of Management in 2002, and the Otto Klineberg InterculturalandInternationalRelationsAwardfromtheSPSSIin2001. Ying-yiHongiscurrentlyProfessorattheBusinessSchoolofNanyangTechnological University,Singapore.Hermainresearchinterestsincludecultureandcognition,self, identity,andintergrouprelations.SheisparticularlyknownforproposingtheDynamic ConstructivistTheorytounderstandhowindividualsformmentalmodelsofmultiple cultural knowledge systems and how they switch between cultural frames. Dr. Hong receivedtheOttoKlinebergInterculturalandInternationalRelationsAwardfromthe SPSSIin2001andtheYoungInvestigatorAward(conferredbytheInternationalSociety ofSelfandIdentity)in2004andwaselectedFellowoftheAssociationforPsychological ScienceandAssociateoftheCenterforAdvancedStudy,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana- Champaign. cultureandpsychology SeriesEditor DavidMatsumoto,SanFranciscoStateUniversity As an increasing number of social scientists come to recognize the pervasive influenceofcultureonindividualhumanbehavior,ithasbecomeimperative forculturetobeincludedasanimportantvariableinallaspectsofpsychological research,theory,andpractice.CultureandPsychologyisanevolvingseriesof works that brings the study of culture and psychology into a single, unified concept. Ute Scho¨npflug, Cultural Transmission: Psychological, Developmental, Social, andMethodologicalAspects EvertvandeVliert,Climate,Affluence,andCulture DavidMatsumotoandFonsvandeVijver,Cross-CulturalResearchMethodsin Psychology Cultural Processes a social psychological perspective Editedby AngelaK.-y.Leung SingaporeManagementUniversity Chi-yueChiu NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore Ying-yiHong NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore, Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521758413 (cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Culturalprocesses:asocialpsychologicalperspective/editedbyAngelaK.-y.Leung,Chi-yue Chiu,Ying-yiHong. p. cm.–(Cultureandpsychology) Includesbibliographicalrefere ncesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-76523-7(hbk.)–ISBN978-0-521-75841-3(pbk.) 1.Culture–Psychologicalaspects. 2.Culture–Studyandteaching. I.Leung,AngelaK.-y., 1979– II.Chiu,Chi-yue,1963– III.Hong,Ying-yi,1964– IV.Title. V.Series. HM621.C853446 2011 306.01–dc22 2010024843 ISBN978-0-521-76523-7Hardback ISBN978-0-521-75841-3Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsfor externalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguarantee thatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. contents ListofFiguresandTables pageix ListofContributors xi Preface xiii partone. introduction 1 CulturalProcesses:AnOverview 3 Chi-yueChiu,AngelaK.-y.Leung,andYing-yiHong parttwo. representationaltheoriesofculture 2 CultureasLayPersonalBeliefs 25 KarlDach-Gruschow,EvelynW.M.Au,andHsin-YaLiao 3 CultureasIntersubjectiveRepresentationsofValues 40 ChingWanandChi-yueChiu 4 CultureasNormRepresentations:TheCaseofCollective ResponsibilityAttribution 65 MelodyManchiChaoandChi-yueChiu partthree. psychologicalfunctionsofculture 5 EpistemicFunctionsofCulture 81 MelodyManchiChaoandChi-yueChiu 6 ExistentialFunctionsofCulture:TheMonumental ImmortalityProject 96 PelinKesebir vii viii Contents 7 Self-DefinitionalFunctionsofCulture 111 ChingWan,KarlDach-Gruschow,SunNo,andYing-yiHong partfour. manifestationsofculturalprocesses 8 CultureandSelf-Enhancement 139 Young-HoonKim 9 CulturalProcessesUnderlyingSubjectiveWell-Being 154 Young-HoonKimandWilliamTov 10 CulturalProcessesinTeams:TheDevelopmentofTeam MentalModelsinHeterogeneousWorkTeams 172 JingQiu,Zhi-XueZhang,andLeighAnneLiu 11 Harmony,IllusoryRelationshipCosts,andConflict ResolutioninChineseContexts 188 Zhi-XueZhang,YanZhang,andMinWang partfive. transculturalprocesses 12 BiculturalIdentityNegotiation 213 SunNo,ChingWan,MelodyManchiChao,JenniferL.Rosner, andYing-yiHong 13 MulticulturalExperiencesandInterculturalCommunication 242 AngelaK.-y.LeungandChi-yueChiu 14 MulticulturalExperienceFostersCreative ConceptualExpansi on 263 AngelaK.-y.Leung,JingChen,andChi-yueChiu 15 WorkforceDiversityandCreativity:AMultilevelAnalysis 286 JianHan,SiqingPeng,Chi-yueChiu,andAngelaK.-y.Leung Index 313 figures and tables figures 1.1 Cultureprovidesanswerstofundamentalquestionsinlife. page5 1.2 PayoffmatrixinaPrisoner’sDilemmagame. 6 1.3 Psychologicalfunctionsofculture. 8 12.1 Biculturalidentitynegotiationprocesses. 215 tables 1.1 Typesofculturalelements. 10 1.2 Contributionsofsixjobcategoriestosociety. 17 11.1 Downstreamrelationshipconsequencesofconflict avoidance. 199 11.2 MeanandSDvaluesofratingsonthePerceivedRelationship Costsitemsinthetwoperspectiveconditions. 201 ix
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