Cultural Landscape Report for Armory Square, Springfield Armory National Historic Site

2010·25 MB·English

by  Crosbie, Allison

National Park Service
U.S. Departmentofthe Interior
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Cultural Landscape Report
for Armory Square
Springfield Armory National Historic Site
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation
http://archive.org/details/culturallandscapOOcros
Cultural Landscape Report
for Armory Square
Springfield Armory National
Historic Site
Springfield, Massachusetts
"Canitbepossible,he
asks, thatsuchascene
oftranquilityand
lovelinesscanbethe
outwardformand
Introduction
embodimentofavast
machineryincessantly
History
employedinthe
productionofengines
ExistingConditions
ofcarnageand
death?"
Analysis
JacobAbbott,
HarpersNewMonthly
Treatment
Magazine, 1852
ByAllisonA. Crosbie,ASLA
HistoricalLandscapeArchitect
Contributor
RumikaChaudhry
ConservationAssociate
OlmstedCenterforLandscape Preservation
NationalParkService,Boston,Massachusetts,2010
CulturalLandscapeReportforArmorySquare:SpringfieldArmoryNationalHistoricSite
TheOlmstedCenterforLandscape Preservationpromotesthestewardshipof
significantlandscapesthroughresearch,planning,andsustainablepreservation
maintenance.TheCenteraccomplishesitsmissionincollaborationwithanetworkof
partnersincludingnationalparks,universities,governmentagencies,andprivate
nonprofitorganizations.Techniquesandprinciplesofpreservationpracticearemade
availablethroughtrainingandpublications.
OlmstedCenterforLandscapePreservation
BostonNationalHistorical Park
CharlestownNavyYard,QuartersC
MA
Boston, 02129
www.nps.gov/oclp/
PublicationCredits: Informationinthisreportmaybecopiedandusedwiththe
conditionthatcreditisgiventotheauthorandtheOlmstedCenterforLandscape
Preservation.Thisreporthasbeenpreparedforin-houseuse,andwillnotbemade
availableforsale. Photographsandgraphicsmaynotbereproducedforreusewithout
thepermissionoftheownersorrepositoriesnotedinthecaptions.
National ParkService,DenverTechnicalInformationCenterreportNPS458/104220
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Crosbie,AllisonA.
CulturallandscapereportforArmorySquare SpringfieldArmoryNational
:
HistoricSite,Springfield,Massachusetts:introduction,history,existing
conditions,analysis,treatment/AllisonA.Crosbie,RumikaChaudhry.
p. cm. -- (National ParkService,DenverTechnicalInformationCenter
report;NPS458/104220)
"OlmstedCenterforLandscapePreservation"--T.p.verso.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
1. ArmorySquare (Springfield,Mass.) 2. SpringfieldArmoryNationalHistoric
Site(Springfield,Mass.) 3. Historicsites—Conservationandrestoration-
Massachusetts—Springfield.4. Landscapeprotection—Massachusetts-
Springfield. 5. Springfield(Mass.)--Buildings,structures,etc. I.Chaudhry,
Rumika.II. OlmstedCenterforLandscapePreservation (U.S.) III.Title.
UF543.S7C762010
355.7'50974426-dc22
2010032653
CoverPhoto:AerialphotographbyDonCouture,EastWindsor,CT,2007
TableOfContents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS V
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
XIII
FOREWORD XV
INTRODUCTION 1
PurposeofThis Project 1
Scope ofWorkandMethodology 1
StudyBoundaries 2
Terminology 3
SummaryofFindings 4
CHAPTER 1: SITE HISTORY 9
Introduction 9
Pre-history 10
EarlySpringfield, 1636- 1801 10
EarlyNineteenthCentury, 1802- 1833 23
MidNineteenthCentury, 1834- 1865 37
Reconstructionandthe GildedAge, 1866- 1939 57
MidTwentiethCentury, 1940- 1968 83
NewRoles fortheArmory, 1969-Present 107
CHAPTER 2: EXISTING CONDITIONS 123
PhysicalSetting 123
Landscape CharacterAreas 124
Landscape Characteristics 125
CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 163
NationalRegistration Status 164
StatementofSignificance 165
EvaluationofLandscapeCharacteristics andFeatures 169
SummaryofLandscape Features 203
CHAPTER 4: TREATMENT 235
FrameworkforTreatment 236
GeneralTreatmentIssues 240
PrimaryTreatment 242
TreatmentTasks 245
TreatmentSummaryand Priorities 257
REFERENCE LIST 281
CulturalLandscapeReportforArmorySquare:SpringfieldArmoryNationalHistoricSite
APPENDICES
AppendixA: ListofSuperintendentsand
CommandantsofSpringfieldArmory 285
AppendixB:ArmorySquare BuildingNumbers
andConstructionDates 287
AppendixC: EnablingLegislation 289
7
ListofIllustrations
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURES
Introduction
1.1. LocationMaps ofSpringfieldArmory,SUNY-ESF,2004, 7
DraftMasterPlan, 1970.
1.2. LocationMap,SUNY-ESF, 1990. 7
Site History
1.3. Map of17thcenturySpringfield. 17
1.4. WaitBostonRoadMarker. 1
1.5. MapofVillage ofSpringfield. 18
1.6. Sketchof1782 powdermagazine. 19
1.7. PlanofArmorySquare, 1810. 29
1.8. PortraitofLieutenantColonelRoswellLee. 29
1.9. MapofMiddleandUpperWatershops, 1830. 30
1.10. SketchofArmorySquarefireof1824. 31
1.11. Map ofSpringfieldArmory, 1824. 31
1.12. Map ofSpringfieldArmoryHillshops andWatershops, 1830. 32
1.13. ViewoftheMiddleArsenal. 32
1.14. PlanofArmoryHill, 1830. 33
1.15. WoodcutofArmorySquarefrom 1839. 47
1.16. PortraitofMajorJames W. Ripley. 47
1.17. Photographoforiginal lamppost, 1800s. 48
1.18. Photographoflamppost. 48
1.19. CommandingOfficer'sQuarters, 1871. 48
1.20. Map ofSpringfieldArmory, 1851 49
1.21. LongStorehouseandFire house, 1890. 50
1.22. RenderingofUpperWatershops, 1830s. 50
1.23. Elevation ofornamentalironfence. 51
1.24. DrawingofMainArsenal, 1850. 51
1.25. Illustration ofArmorySquare, 1852. 52
1.26. IllustrationofArmorySquare, 1852. 52
1.27. Topographicmap ofArmorySquare, 1864. 53
1.28. Map ofArmoryandSpringfield, 1870. 65
1.29. Bird'seyeviewofArmorySquareandSpringfield, 1875. 65
1.30. Maps ofArmoryandWatershops, 1875. 66
1.31. ViewofentrancetoArmorySquare, 1871. 67
1.32. ViewofMainArsenal, 1877. 67
1.33. Postcardofmemorial, c. early 1900s. 68
1.34. Viewofcannons ondisplay, 1891. 68
1.35. CentralGreenandMainArsenal, 1891. 69
1.36. Viewofcannondisplayon Green, 1900. 69
1.37. Viewofgreenhouseandvegetablecellar, 1932. 70
CulturalLandscapeReportforArmorySquare:SpringfieldArmoryNationalHistoricSite
1.38. ViewofentranceatByersandStateStreets, 1907. 70
1.39. Viewofgreenhouse. 71
1.40. Viewofrosearbor, 1900. 71
1.41. PhotographoftheGreenaftersnowfall, 1920. 72
1.42. Mrs. SchullandMrs.Meadowsbypond,c. 1924-1929. 73
1.43. Mrs. SchullandMrs. Meadowsbypond,c. 1924-1929. 73
1.44. Panoramicviewto PearlStreet, 1932. 74
1.45. PanoramicviewnorthofCommandingOfficer'sQuarters, 1932. 74
1.46. Byers andStateStreetsentrance, 1932. 74
1.47. AerialviewofArmorySquare, 1932. 75
1.48. AerialviewofArmorySquare,westernportion, 1932. 76
1.49. Officer'sQuarters3, 1931. 77
1.50. Officers'Quarters4, 1931. 77
1.51. Works ProgressAdministrationroadworkatMainArsenal, 1937. 78
1.52. Works ProgressAdministration roadreconstruction
atSpringfieldArmory, 1937. 78
1.53. Works ProgressAdministration roadreconstruction
atSpringfieldArmory, 1937. 78
1.54. Viewofhurricanedamage ontheGreen, 1938. 79
1.55. Viewofhurricanedamage ontheGreen, 1938. 79
1.56. Hurricane damagetotree andsidewalk, 1938. 79
1.57. Removalofcannon, 1942. 93
1.58. ViewofvictorygardenwithMajorHuth, 1942. 93
1.59. Greenhouseinterior, c. 1942. 93
1.60. Greenhouseinteriorwithcarnations, 1944. 94
1.61. Grounds maintenanceequipment, 1945. 94
1.62. ViewlookingnorthwestfromByers & PearlStreets, 1945. 95
1.63. View lookingnorthwestfromStateStreet, 1945. 95
1.64. VieweastfromcornerofPearlandByersStreets, 1945. 96
1.65. ViewnortheastalongPearlStreetfromByers St., 1945. 96
1.66. ViewtonortheastalongStateStreetfrom ByersSt., 1945. 96
1.67. DrivewaytoCommandingOfficer'sQuarters,c. 1945-1954. 97
1.68. CommandingOfficer'sQuarters,garden,c. 1945-1954. 97
1.69. CommandingOfficer'sQuartersgardenwithfountain,
c.1945-1954. 98
1.70. Scale model ofArmorySquare, 1950. 99
1.71. ViewoftheGreen, early 1940s. 99
1.72. 1959ExistingTree PlanofArmorySquare. 100
1.73. ArmedForces Day,GunSalute, 1958. 101
1.74. ArmedForcesDay, 1962,helicopterdisplayonGreen. 101
1.75. ArmedForcesDay,demonstration, 1962. 102
1.76. Entrance atByersandStateStreets, 1964. 102
1.77. Springfieldnewspaperheadline, 1965. 103
ListofIllustrations
1.78. AerialviewofArmorySquare, 1965. 103
1.79. AerialviewofArmorySquare, 1966. 104
1.80. National ParkService DraftMasterPlan, 1971. 117
1.81. ViewofDeliso Hall. 118
1.82. ViewofPutnamHall. 118
1.83. ManagementZoningPlan,SpringfieldArmoryGeneral
ManagementPlan. 119
Existing Conditions
2.1. Topographicdiagrams,2008. 135
2.2. ViewofPearlStreet,2008. 136
2.3. ViewofByersStreet,2008. 136
2.4. FormerMasonicTemple onStateStreet,2008. 136
2.5. WesternSlope,ArmorySquare,2008. 137
2.6. ViewofRavine,2008. 137
2.7. CornerofFederalandState streets,2008. 138
2.8. StateStreet,viewwest,2008. 138
2.9. AerialphotographofArmorySquare. 139
2.10. Southwesternportionofthe Green, 2008. 139
2.11. ScibelliHall,northwestofGreen,2008. 140
2.12. ViewofHayfield,2008. 140
2.13. LawnareabehindtheMainArsenal,2007. 140
2.14. Entrydrivewayfrom ByersandStatestreets,2008. 141
2.15. Southeastside ofCommandingOfficer'sQuarters,2008. 141
2.16. FlagstonewalksaroundCommandingOfficer'sQuarters, 2008. 142
2.17. Circulardrive infrontofCommandingOfficer'sQuarters, 2008. 142
2.18. LilachedgeadjacenttogarageandCommanding
Officer'sQuarters,2008. 143
2.19. Lilachedge,2008. 143
2.20. OpenspacebetweenDelisoHalland PutnamHall, 2008. 144
2.11. WestArsenalatedge oftheGreen,2008. 144
2.22. ViewoftheGreentothesoutheastcorner,2008. 145
2.23. Centraltrees inGreen,2008. 145
2.24. CentraltreesandblocksontheGreen, 2008. 146
2.25. Close-upofgraniteblockon CentralGreen, 2008. 146
2.26. GarveyHall,collegewebsitephoto. 147
2.27. CollegeLEDsign,2008. 147
2.28. Parkingareaatsoutheasternedgeofcollegecampus,2008. 147
2.29. Roadleadingto museum,2008. 148
2.30. CollegesignonStateStreetedge,2008. 148
2.31. Shuttlebusstop neartheWestArsenal,2008. 148
2.32. ApproachingdrivewayatByers andStatestreets, 2008. 149
2.33. NationalParkServiceWayside Exhibit, 2008. 149
11
CulturalLandscapeReportforArmorySquare:SpringfieldArmoryNationalHistoricSite
2.34. ApproachtotheMainArsenal,OCLP,2008. 150
2.35. ParkingeastoftheMainArsenal,OCLP,2008. 150
2.36. SidewalktoCommandingOfficer'sQuarters,OCLP,2008. 15
2.37. PicnictablesatCommandingOfficer'sQuarters,OCLP, 2008. 15
2.38. ViewacrosslawnnorthofCommandingOfficer'sQuarters,2008. 152
2.39. Parkingadjacentto LongStorehouse,2008. 152
2.40. ScibelliHall,southview,2008. 152
2.41. Parkingandshuttle stopbyLongStorehouse, 2008. 153
2.42. Parkingalongnorthedge ofCentralGreen,2008. 153
2.43. PathwaybetweenDelisoHallandPutnamHall,2008. 153
2.44. East-westpaththroughthe CentralGreen, 2008. 154
2.45. SidewalkalongsouthernedgeofCentralGreen,2008. 154
2.46. EntrancetoMainArsenal,2008. 155
2.47. CommandingOfficer'sQuarters,westfacade,2007. 155
2.48. GatehouseandentranceatByersandStatestreets,2008. 155
2.49. GarageatCommandingOfficer'sQuarters,2008. 156
2.50. ViewwestfrombluffbehindMainArsenal,2007. 156
2.51. Historic ironfence, 2009. 156
2.52. Typicalhistoriccannontube lamppost,2008. 157
2.53. Historiclightfixture, 2008. 157
2.54. Historiclightfixture,2008. 157
2.55. Stonewith marker,2004. 158
2.56. Stone mountingstepatOfficer'sQuarters,2008. 158
2.57. Circulardraininlet,2008. 158
2.58. Metalregulatorysign,2008. 159
2.59. Metaldirectionalsign,2008. 159
2.60. National ParkServicesign,2008. 159
2.61. Bronzecollegesign, 2008. 159
Analysisand Evaluation
3.0. Plan illustratingcharacterlandscape areas, 2009. 211
3.1. ViewofnorthwestcornerofArmorySquare,2009. 211
3.2. ViewofGreenhouse, 1932. 212
3.3. Formerlocationofgreenhouses,2009. 212
3.4. Officers'Quarters northoftheGreen, 1966. 213
3.5. STCC academicbuildingsalongnorth edge ofGreen, 2009. 213
3.6. CommandingOfficer'sQuartersandservicedrive, 1950s. 214
3.7 CommandingOfficer'sQuartersandservicedrive,2009. 214
3.8. LilachedgewestofCommandingOfficer'sQuarters,2009. 215
3.9. PeartreesattheWesternSlope, 2009. 215
3.10. RemnantpathwayatByers/StateStreetentrance,2009. 216
3.11. EntranceatByersandState Street, 1955. 216
3.12. ClosedentranceatByersandState Street,2008. 216
3.13. ViewofMainArsenal, 1942. 217