Cultural Heritage and Territorial Identity: Synergies and Development Impact on European Regions PDF
Preview Cultural Heritage and Territorial Identity: Synergies and Development Impact on European Regions
Advances in Spatial Science Elisa Panzera Cultural Heritage and Territorial Identity Synergies and Development Impact on European Regions Advances in Spatial Science The Regional Science Series SeriesEditors ManfredM.Fischer,ViennaUniversityofEconomicsandBusiness,Wien,Austria Jean-ClaudeThill,UniversityofNorthCarolina,Charlotte,NC,USA JoukevanDijk,UniversityofGroningen,Groningen,TheNetherlands HansWestlund,JönköpingUniversity,Jönköping,Sweden AdvisoryEditors GeoffreyJ.D.Hewings,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA PeterNijkamp,FreeUniversity,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands FolkeSnickars,EditorialBoard,Heidelberg,Baden-Württemberg,Germany This series contains scientific studies focusing on spatial phenomena, utilising theoretical frameworks, analytical methods, and empirical procedures specifically designedforspatialanalysis.AdvancesinSpatialSciencebringstogetherinnovative spatialresearchutilisingconcepts,perspectives,andmethodsrelevanttobothbasic scienceandpolicymaking.Theaimistopresentadvancesinspatialsciencetoan informedreadershipinuniversities,researchorganisations,andpolicy-makinginsti- tutionsthroughouttheworld.Thetypeofmaterialconsideredforpublicationinthe seriesincludes:Monographsoftheoreticalandappliedresearchinspatialscience; state-of-the-artvolumesinareasofbasicresearch;reportsofinnovativetheoriesand methodsinspatialscience;tightlyeditedreportsfromspeciallyorganisedresearch seminars. 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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/3302 Elisa Panzera Cultural Heritage and Territorial Identity Synergies and Development Impact on European Regions ElisaPanzera PolitecnicodiMilano Milan,Italy ISSN1430-9602 ISSN2197-9375 (electronic) AdvancesinSpatialScience ISBN978-3-030-94467-4 ISBN978-3-030-94468-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94468-1 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Cultureiswidelyrecognizedasafundamentalcomponentoftheidentityofnations, countriesandplaces.Culturalheritagetherefore—consideredasthesetofalllegacies ofanartisticorcultural,materialorimmaterialnaturethathavesurviveduptothe present day, a storage of collective memories—represents a crucial specificity and a factor of diversity and distinction in all countries, especially those with a long andrichhistoricalevolution,andbecameasourceofprideforthepopulationsthat hosteditandasourceofinterestandpassion(sometimesexcessive!)forforeigners. Interestingly enough, the ESDP—the European Spatial Development Perspective producedin1999afteralongpoliticalandculturalinteractionamongtheMinistries oftheUnion’scountriesinvolved—beginsandendswithareferencetotheEuropean culturalheritage:itstypical“variety”,itslinkwith“regionalidentities”,itsrolein “enrichingthecitizens’qualityoflife”. Andthisculturalvarietyissupposedtobe“potentiallyoneofthemostsignificant developmentfactorsfortheEU”,inlinewiththenewdimensionofEuropeanpolicy launchedbytheESDP,namely“theTerritory”.Thiscrucialmessagehasbeenwidely sharedbythesubsequentpolicydebate,thecultural,researchandscientificelabora- tionandtheconsequentpolicyactions,attheEuropeanandatthenationallevel,not justinEurope.Butithasbeenlargelyinterpretedinasinglemainsense,econom- ically important but conceptually poor: a development factor working through the activationoftourism,understoodasacomprehensivefilière,encompassinginterna- tionaldemand,directservicessupplyandaplethoraofinvestmentprocesses,from transportinfrastructuretorealestateandconstruction. Thenoveltyofthemessagewasunderstoodmuchlater,whenthemultipledimen- sions of the role of cultural heritage were explored in depth by scholars and inter- nationalinstitutions—theCouncilofEurope,theEuropeanCommission,theOECD andUNESCO—andcomprehensivelypresentedintermsofbenefitsandimpactsby the Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe, 2015 Report, co-funded by the Culture ProgrammeoftheEuropeanCommission.Thelinkwiththecreationofasenseof awareness of national and place identities was justified by a host of ad hoc case studies. v vi Foreword Yet, the impact of cultural heritage on society—outside the effects through tourism—was restricted to the cultural, the social and the psychological dimen- sions: notable results were achieved in the direction of the creation of a sense of belonging to the wider human community and consequently of the nurturing of a higher social cohesion spirit. But the economic effects—outside tourism—were alwaysleftunaddressed. ThisworkbyElisaPanzera—CulturalHeritageandTerritorialIdentity:Syner- giesandDevelopmentImpactsonEuropeanregions—representsafirststepinthe direction of filling this gap. It is part of a long-term scientific program launched by the Research Group on Regional and Urban Economics of the Politecnico di Milano devoted to the inspection of the economic role played by intangible forms of territorial capital in spatial development. Cognitive capital, social capital, iden- titarian capital, creativity and innovativeness are supposed to lift the effectiveness andproductivityofmoretraditional,materialformsofcapital,creatingwhatwecall a “territorial relational surplus”, conceptually similar to the surplus generated by technicalprogressinatimedimension.Thestudiesconcerningtheroleofcultural heritagefaceafurthercomplication:elementslikelocalidentity,localcohesionor localcreativitymaynotjustenhancetheeconomicroleofculturalheritagebutare atthesametimeaneffectofthepresenceofculturalheritage. This work has a double aim. The first aim is to critically analyze and compare theresultsofexistingtraditionalworksontheeconomicimpactofculturalheritage throughtheactionoftourism,andtofillthevoidleftbysomeuninspectedempirical andeconometricissuessuchastheattractivenessoftourismdestinationsandtheir inclusion, together with the presence of cultural heritage, in a structural model of regionalgrowthfortheEU. The second aim, more relevant in a scientific perspective, is to explore the cultural heritage / local identity nexus and its impact on economic growth in the EU regions. The exercise is based on the belief that such abstract, immaterial and mainlypsychologicalaspectsoftheregionalrealmarepossiblyliabletobemeasured and can be included in a formalized quantitative model. In fact, the availability of a sound regional data base on values and perceptions of people collected by the Euro-Barometerprovidessufficientsecurityandaguaranteeofcredibleresults. As shown before, the theme is culturally fascinating, but presents a political interest too, widely underlined by the European Commission in recent years. The paceofEuropeanintegration,itsinternalcohesionandthesentimentoftrustitself towardtheEuropeaninstitutionsareputatriskinmanycasesbygrowingfeelings of uncertainty, discontent, request for individual recognition, consequent localistic closure and egoism, which seem to hold a relative persistence and to drive local identitiesinaworrisomedirection. Thisundertakinglooksdifficultbutworthwhile,andtheresultsrewardtheeffort andthecourageinvolved.Infact,(local)identityisamultidimensionalandmulti- layeredconceptreferringtoacollectivepsychologicalcondition;dealinginaquanti- tativewaywithsuchacomplexconceptisacomplicatedmatter,asidentitycannotbe measuredthroughaone-dimensional,continuousmetric.Themethodologicalchoice Foreword vii madebytheauthorcanbecondensedintwowords:selection—amongtherelevant dimensions—andclassification—amongtheEuropeanregions. In the present times—characterized by identity politics, widespread social concerns for jobs and remunerations but also by a multiplication and expanding geographicalreachofinterpersonalnetworks—andconsideringthenewchallenges for the European Union, the relevant parameters with which to consider alterna- tivemodesofexpressionofterritorialidentitiesarerightlyselectedinthefollowing way.Ontheoneside,theco-presenceoftwofoundingelementsofcollectiveiden- tity,namelysimilarity(alone)andsimilarityand solidarity;ontheotherthespatial reach of main interpersonal networks, distinguishing alocal reach and a local and Europeanreach(inamulti-levelinterpretationofidentities).Theconsequentclassifi- cationoffour“patterns”ofregionalidentity—“individualisticlocalism”,“parochial localism”,“place-lesscosmopolitanism”and“inclusivecosmopolitanism”—isbuilt utilizing the regional answers to the appropriate questions present in the Euro- Barometerinthelastdecade.ThemovingpictureofEuropeanregionsthatemerges from this classification represents in itself a brilliant and persuasive result (or by- product)ofthiswork,showingatthesametimetheregionaldifferencesinsidecoun- tries,thedifferentpsychologicalattitudestiedtogeographical(urban/rural,accessi- bility)oreconomicconditions(wealth,innovativeness),therelativestabilityofthe classificationandthemaintypologiesoftherecentshiftstowardadecreasingsense ofsolidarity. The different patterns of local identity are included in complex econometric models,lookingforthepresenceofa“territorialsurplus”whichcouldbeattributed, ceteris paribus, to the single typologies in a differential way, synergically rein- forcing the effects of the local presence of cultural heritage. Positive and statis- tically significant results are attained, with very interesting economic—but also “political”—interpretations. Forsure,arenovatedattentiontothepreservationandvalorizationofEuropean culturalheritage,asupporttoitsnon-trivialfruitionandtheefforttounderlineand communicate its deep symbolic meaning are actions likely to reinforce a diffused senseofbelongingtotheUnion,withnotablepotentialresultsintermsofbothsocial cohesionandwealth.Weshouldthanktheauthorforthiscareful,competent,skilful andoriginalwork,shadingnewlightonacomplexbutcrucialissueforEuropeand Europeancitizens. RobertoCamagni EmeritusProfessorofUrbanand RegionalEconomics PolitecnicodiMilano Milan,Italy Acknowledgments Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetosomespecialpersonsthathavebeen ofessentialimportancefortheaccomplishmentofthisbook. IamdeeplygratefultoprofessorRobertaCapelloforbeinganinspiring,tireless, energeticandcarefulguide. I would like to offer my special thanks to professor Roberto Camagni for his invaluable and precious support, for his kindness and his always insightful suggestions. Iwouldliketoextendmysinceregratitudetotheurbanandregionaleconomics research group and to the Department of Architecture, Built Environment and ConstructionEngineeringatPolitecnicodiMilano.Themultidisciplinaryapproach thatpermeatestheDepartmentisextremelyusefultoexpandingviewsandadopting differentperspectives. A special mention goes to professors Valeria Pracchi, Leïla Kebir, Thomas de GraaffandHenrideGroot. Finally, I am deeply grateful to Jacopo for being my main and affectionate supporter and for always encouraging me to face and overcome challenges, and tomyfamilyforbeingaconstant,stableandrespectfullightinallthestagesofmy career. ix Contents 1 The Socio-Economic Impact of Cultural Heritage: Setting theScene ...................................................... 1 1.1 IntroductionandMotivation .................................. 1 1.2 TheConceptofCulturalHeritageandtheEvolutionofIts Definitions ................................................ 4 1.3 CulturalHeritageThroughtheEconomicPerspective:Some BackgroundLiterature ...................................... 12 1.3.1 Cultural Heritage as an Economic Resource: PeculiaritiesandSpecificities .......................... 12 1.3.2 TheEconomicValueofCulturalHeritage ............... 15 1.3.3 TheEconomicImpactofCulturalHeritage .............. 18 1.4 ResearchGapsandInnovativePerspectives .................... 22 1.5 TheLinkBetweenCulturalHeritageandDevelopment:The ProposedConceptualFramework ............................. 27 1.5.1 CulturalHeritageandSocio-EconomicDevelopment: TheTraditionalChannel .............................. 27 1.5.2 CulturalHeritageandSocio-EconomicDevelopment: TheRoleofTerritorialIdentity ......................... 28 1.5.3 TheProposedConceptualFrameworkfortheLink BetweenCulturalHeritageandLocalDevelopment ....... 32 1.6 StructureoftheBook ....................................... 33 References ..................................................... 35 PartI FromCulturalHeritagetoLocalDevelopment:TheRole ofTourism 2 Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Economic Development intheExistingLiteratureandBeyond ............................ 45 2.1 TourismandCulturalTourism ................................ 45 xi
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