Cultural Heritage and International Law PDF
Preview Cultural Heritage and International Law
Evelyne Lagrange · Stefan Oeter Robert Uerpmann-Wittzack Editors Cultural Heritage and International Law Objects, Means and Ends of International Protection Cultural Heritage and International Law (cid:129) (cid:129) Evelyne Lagrange Stefan Oeter Robert Uerpmann-Wittzack Editors Cultural Heritage and International Law Objects, Means and Ends of International Protection Editors EvelyneLagrange StefanOeter IREDIES FacultyofLaw Pantheon-SorbonneUniversity UniversityofHamburg Paris,France Hamburg,Germany RobertUerpmann-Wittzack FacultyofLaw UniversityofRegensburg Regensburg,Germany ISBN978-3-319-78788-6 ISBN978-3-319-78789-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78789-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018947024 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Culturalheritageispartoftheidentitiesofindividuals,groups,andcommunitiesand not indifferent to states and international organizations. It is also the object of numerousnormsandinstitutionsincontemporarypublicinternationallaw. In armed conflicts, cultural heritage may be damaged inadvertently or even deliberatelywithaviewtodestroyingculturalidentities. Intimesofpeace,culturalheritagebecomesanobjectofeconomicexchangeina globalizedworld.Worksoffamouspaintersattainexorbitantpricesatinternational artauctions,andinscribingasiteoralocalcustomonaculturalheritagelistislikely to promote tourism. Even in armed conflicts, cultural heritage sites are spoiled in ordertoselltheobjectsontheinternationalartandantiquesmarket. Global exchanges also put intangible cultural heritage under pressure, and local customsorregionalandminoritylanguagesmaydisappear. Inthefaceofsuchthreats,fosteringtheperceivedculturalidentityofacommu- nity corresponds to a desire for stability and security. However, culture, cultural heritage, and cultural identity are not static concepts. It is in their nature to evolve over time, since encounters between different cultures generate new forms of cultural expressions in addition to endogenous changes. Therefore, the diverse cultural heritage of the world must not be petrified but safeguarded as a unique resourceforhumanprogress. Againstthisbackground,thepresentvolumeexplorescurrentchallengesandthe responsesofinternationalculturalheritagelaw. Thisbookhasbeenrealizedwithinthelong-standingcooperationoftheGerman andtheFrenchSocietiesofInternationalLaw.Every2years,bothSocietiesorganize jointconferences. Since 2006, the biannual joint conferences have been preceded by young scholars’ workshops, which have been generously funded by the German-French University (Deutsch-Französische Hochschule/Université franco-allemande). In November 2016, members of both Societies met in Regensburg for a session on “Religion and International Law.” The Regensburg workshop, open to junior researchers, which took place on November 2–3, 2016, was organized by the v vi Preface UniversityofRegensburgwiththesupportoftheSorbonneLawSchool(IREDIES). It was dedicated to “Cultural Challenges Facing International Law,” with a clear focusonculturalheritagelaw.Itsresultsarepublishedhere,inEnglishandFrench forthesakeofabetterdiffusion. The editors owe adebt of gratitude to allthose who haveassiduously helped to realize this volume: theyoung authors and members of University staff, especially LenaSpringerandBenjaminMantheyinRegensburg,CatherineBotokoandInèsEl Hayek at the Sorbonne Law School (University Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne – IREDIES). Paris,France EvelyneLagrange Hamburg,Germany StefanOeter Regensburg,Germany RobertUerpmann-Wittzack Contents Introduction:CulturalHeritageLawandtheQuestforHuman Identities. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 1 RobertUerpmann-Wittzack PartI LinguisticDiversity LeCommissaireauxdroitsdel’homme,unacteurdelaprotection deladiversitélinguistique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 SophieSimon MinorityLanguagesinEducationinEurope:AContrastingExercise oftheCasesoftheCatalaninCataloniainSpainandtheSorbianin Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 CarolineWestphal IntangibleCulturalHeritageinNeedofProtection:TheCaseof RegionalandMinorityLanguages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 StefanOeter PartII OtherCulturalGoodsandHeritage Réflexionssurlacirculationinternationaledescollectionsmuséales: Del’immunitéàlacopropriété?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 AmandineLizot TheProtectionofCulturalGoodsandtheRighttoPropertyUnder theECHR. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 109 FabianMichl Diversitéetpatrimoineculturels:Réflexionsautourdelamise enœuvredelaConventiondupatrimoinemondial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 ClaireSainte-Beuve vii viii Contents PartIII ProtectioninTimesofWar BlueHelmetsforCulture:InvolvingCommunitiesintheProtection ofTheirHeritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 GabrieleD’amicoSoggetti ManagingCulturalSustainability:SafeHaven,CulturalProperty, andSustainabilityinBestPractice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 MartinGerner LesdéfisculturelsdelaCourpénaleinternationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 JérémyHall PartIV CulturalIdentity LeitkulturMeetsGermanAngst:OntheRoleofValuesandNeedsin theGermanDebateontheIntegrationofRefugeesandMigrants. . . . . 239 ClaudiaMariaHofmann Ledroitinternationalpublicetlerespectdel’identitéculturelle enmatièredestatutfamilial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 LukasRass-Masson CulturalIdentityandSelf-DeterminationasKeyConceptsin ConcurringLegalFrameworksfortheInternationalProtectionofthe RightsofIndigenousPeoples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 MarianaMonteirodeMatos List of Contributors GabrieleD’amicoSoggetti FreeUniversityofBerlin,Berlin,Germany MartinGerner InstitutfürAuslandsbeziehungen(ifa),Stuttgart,Germany Jérémy Hall Attaché Temporaire d’Enseignement et de Recherche (ATER), Uni- versityofGrenoble,Alpes,France ClaudiaMariaHofmann UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany Evelyne Lagrange Sorbonne Law School, Pantheon-Sorbonne University (Paris 1),IREDIES,Paris,France AmandineLizot Sorbonne LawSchool,Pantheon-SorbonneUniversity (Paris 1), IREDIES,Paris,France FabianMichl UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany UniversityofMünster,Münster,Germany MarianaMonteirodeMatos InstituteofInternationalandEuropeanLaw,Faculty ofLaw,Georg-AugustUniversityofGöttingen,Göttingen,Germany StefanOeter UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany LukasRass-Masson UniversityToulouse1Capitole,Toulouse,France Claire Sainte-Beuve Attachée Temporaire d’Enseignement et de Recherche (ATER),UniversityofPicardieJulesVerne,CURAPP-ESS,Amiens,France Sophie Simon Sorbonne Law School, Pantheon-Sorbonne University (Paris 1), Paris,France RobertUerpmann-Wittzack UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany CarolineWestphal UniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Bilbao,Spain UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany ix Introduction: Cultural Heritage Law and the Quest for Human Identities RobertUerpmann-Wittzack Abstract Thischaptergivesanintroductiontotherationaleofinternationalcultural heritagelaw.Whereasthefrequentlyusednotionof“culturalproperty”hintsonthe commercial relevance of cultural goods, “cultural heritage” designates human expressions that constitute the identities of groups and communities. Cultural heri- tage may be tangible like monuments and paintings or intangible like languages, religiousbeliefs,orfashion. UNESCO has adopted a series of conventions for the protection of cultural heritage, ranging from the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict to the 2005 Convention on Cultural Diversity. An analysis of these conventions and other international documents shows that, beyond questions of private property law, cultural goods may be attributed to the group where they have been created or to the community where theyarelocatedoreventohumanityasawhole.Construedinastaticway,cultural heritage, which constitutes a given group or community, may be used in order to excludethosewhodonotbelongtothesamegrouporcommunity.Underadynamic concept, which recognizes the inspiring potential of cultural diversity, by contrast, multiple,multilayered,andcontextualidentitiesmaybeconceived. 1 The Challenges of International Cultural Heritage Law Culture matters, and so does cultural heritage law. Broadly construed, culture is closelyrelatedtotheveryideaofhumancivilization.Cultureisnotpreset,butitis made by humankind.1 Following a definition given by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, culture comprises all means “through 1CommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalrights,GeneralcommentNo.21:Rightofeveryone totakepartinculturallife(Art.15,para.1(a),oftheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,Social andCulturalRights),2009,UNDoc.E/C.12/GC/21,para.12. R.Uerpmann-Wittzack(*) PublicandInternationalLaw,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 1 E.Lagrangeetal.(eds.),CulturalHeritageandInternationalLaw, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78789-3_1
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