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ABOUT THE AUTHOR JAnE FRAnklin is An inTERnATiOnAlly AcclAimEd HisTORiAn who has been an activist for peace and justice since 1960. she is the author of Cuban Foreign Relations: A Chronology, 1959–1982 (center for cuban studies, 1984), Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History (Ocean Press, 1992; 1997), Cuba-Estados Unidos: Cronología de una historia (ciencias sociales: Havana 2015), and co-author of Vietnam and America: A Documented History (Grove/Atlantic, 1984; 1995). Her chronology of the history of Panama is in The U.S. Invasion of Panama (south End Press, 1991). For more than two decades, she was an editor and contributing editor for “cuba Update,” the magazine of the center for cuban studies in new york. in addition to dozens of articles in “cuba Update,” she has published in The Nation, Films in Review, The Progressive, Z Magazine, Covert Action, The Paris Magazine, Lies of Our Times, Resist, and widely on the internet, where her essays are regularly carried by ZNet and Progreso Weekly (in both English and spanish). Her work has been translated into French, italian, German, and spanish. she has lectured extensively about U.s. imperialism, especially in relation to cuba, Vietnam, nicaragua, El salvador, and Panama. she appears frequently on national and international radio and TV as a commentator about U.s.-cuba relations. some of her work, including dozens of her essays, is accessible at http://www. janefranklin.info. This page intentionally left blank cuba and the U.s. Empire A Chronological History JAnE FRAnklin mOnTHly REViEW PREss New York copyright © 2016 by Jane Franklin All Rights Reserved sections of this book were previously published as Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History by Ocean Press (1997). library of congress cataloging-in-Publication data: names: Franklin, Jane, 1934– author. Title: cuba and the U.s. empire : a chronological history / Jane Franklin. description: new york : monthly Review Press, 2016. | “sections of this book were previously published as cuba and the United states: A chronological History by Ocean Press (1997)” | includes index. identifiers: lccn 2015045631| isBn 9781583676066 (hardcover) | isBn 9781583676059 (pbk.) subjects: lcsH: cuba—Foreign relations—United states—chronology. | United states—Foreign relations—cuba—chronology. | cuba—Foreign relations—1492–1990—chronology. classification: lcc E183.8.c9 F725 2016 | ddc 327.7291073—dc23 lc record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015045631 Typeset in Garamond Pro monthly Review Press 146 West 29th street, suite 6W new york, new york 10001 monthlyreview.org 5 4 3 2 1 cOnTEnT s Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Foreword by noam chomsky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Author’s note on method and sources. . . . . . . . . . xi Background to Revolution 1492–2015. . . . . . . . . . 1 A “new World” 1492–1800. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 U.s. Policy Takes shape 1801–1865. . . . . . . . . . 2 The First Wars of independence 1868–1898. . . . . 5 U.s. intervention 1898–1925. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The Era of machado and Batista 1925–1951 . . . . 12 dictatorship and Revolution 1952–1958. . . . . . . 15 The year 1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The year 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 The year 1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 The year 1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The year 1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 The year 1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The year 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 The year 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 The year 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 The year 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 The year 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 The year 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The year 1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 The year 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 The year 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 The year 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 The year 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 The year 1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 The year 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 The year 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 The year 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 The year 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 The year 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 The year 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 The year 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 The year 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 The year 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 The year 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 The year 1987. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 The year 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 The year 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 The year 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 The year 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 The year 1992. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 The year 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 The year 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 The year 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 cuba and the United states in the 21st century. . 383 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 AcknOWlEdGmEnT s ia m grateful to sandra levinson, executive director of the center for cuban studies, for originally initiating the idea of this book. Jerry nickel, the center’s librarian, was an extraordinary resource. irving kessler provided reams of information along with his astute observa- tions and encouraging friendship. The late Frank scofi sent materials from varied sources and was a special friend. Bob Guild and michael krinsky provided information about travel regulations and legal cases. members of the U.s. state department, congress, and the cuban mission to the United nations furnished original documents and detailed information. karen Franklin and Robert Franklin read most of the twenti- eth century manuscript and made numerous insightful suggestions. Gretchen Franklin furnished information about several legal cases. in the decades since then, they have developed families who are inter- twined with everything i do. i am profoundly grateful to many political activists and scholars in the United states, cuba, and other countries for their encouragement at every step of the way. my deepest appreciation is for my life companion, Bruce Franklin. He has read everything along the way and offered his inimitably per- ceptive ideas. But, more than that, he is a wonderful husband, provid- ing constant care and understanding as part of my daily life during all the years since we were married in 1956. FOREWORd Jane Franklin’s book, Cuba and the U.S. Empire: A Chronological History, is an incomparable resource on cuba-U.s. relations from the earliest days, focusing on the period since liberation in 1959— and the same, incidentally, is true of Franklin’s regular publications and postings, uniquely significant and followed eagerly by all who are interested in these topics. As the subtitle of the book indicates, it is a chronology embedded within a history, in fact, a uniquely important historical account of cuba-U.s. relations since the 18th century, the most accessible, useful, and insightful one that i know of. it is also an indispensable reference book for journalists, historians, activists, and even tourists throughout the Anglophone world. The book is extremely valuable as a sophisticated analysis of how and why cuba-U.s. history has evolved through various phases but always with a central theme. Franklin’s insights illuminate the complex dialectic between U.s. impe- rialism and the cuban struggle for true independence as no other work does, to my knowledge. For years, many people—myself included—have been sorely miss- ing an updated edition of the classic 1997 edition, Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History. What we needed is an analysis and sum- mary of the key events and issues that take the story into the present period. Franklin’s new final chapter, “cuba and the United states in the 21st century,” does precisely that. This analytic essay brings the history up to date through the change in U.s.-cuba relations that was announced by both cuba and the United states on december 17, 2014. Foreword ix Cuba and the U.S. Empire puts this information and analysis in the hands of the people who need to be made aware of the history of cuba’s determination to maintain its independence and sovereignty despite Washington’s imperial efforts to destroy the cuban Revolution. —noam chomsky

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