CSE(Mains)-Civil Engineering: Volume 2

504 Pages·2019·261.153 MB·English

by  IES Master Editorial Board

1
UPSC
CIVIL SERVICES
CONVENTIONAL EXAMINATION
"MININIMPIO"."'""f
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBJECTWISE PREVIOUS YEARS
SOLVED PAPER-II
2003-2018
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PUBLICATION
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First Edition : 2019
Typeset at : IES Master Publication, New Delhi-110016
r
PREFACE
Civil Services Examination (CSE) and Engineering Services Examination (ESE) are two of the most sought after
exams in India. The entrance exams for these highly esteemed services are conducted by the Union Public Services
Commission (UPSC) every year.
Civil Services Mains is a subjective exam, which demands good writing skill as well as core knowledge of the
subject. Engineering students need to be familiar with the difficulty level as well as the demand of such an exam.
A close and detailed scrutiny of the previous years' question papers of Civil Services Mains Examination by the
Research & Development team at IES Master reveals the techniques that need to be deployed in handling the
Mains exam of Civil Services.
Civil Engineering as an optional subject can do wonders in CSE. It is one stream that touches upon maximum
knowledge area, given the vastness of the syllabus. It is this vastness and wilderness of applied knowledge that
gives a decisive edge to the engineers in becoming top administrative officers.
This book captures and decodes technical questions of CSE from 2003 to 2018. It is this depth in time that gives
students the ability to gauze the direction, and the construct of an engineer required to be a top bureaucrat.
As you delve into the details of this branch, and confront individual subjects, numerous manifestations pile up
block by block. With this final raft foundation, you can build upon absolute command over the required subjects.
This book also allows you to practice freely on your own as the detailed solutions guide you step by step,
whenever the need arises.
Backed by the trust inspired by the mark of 'IES Master', you can safely rely on this book.
IES Master Publication
New Delhi
CONTENT
1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 - 108
2. ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY 109 - 159
3. IRRIGATION AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 160 - 244
4. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 245 - 316
5. SURVEYING 317 - 357
6. RAILWAY ENGINEERING 358 - 391
7. CONSTRUCTION, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 392 - 446
8. BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 447 - 498
A
UNIT-1
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
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Environmental Engineering:
Water supply: Predicting demand for water, impurities of water and their significance, physical, chemical and
bacteriological analysis, waterborne diseases, standards for potable water.
Intake of water Water treatment: principles of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation; slow-, rapid-, pressure,
filters; chlorination, softening, removal of taste, odour and salinity.
Sewerage systems: Domestic and industrial wastes, store sewage— separate and combined systems, flow through
sewers, design of sewers.
Sewage characterisation: BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC. Standards of disposal in
normal water course and on land.
Sewage treatment: Working principles, units, chambers, sedimentation tank, trickling filters, oxidation ponds,
activated sludge process, septic tank, disposal of sludge, recycling of waste water.
Solid waste: Collection and disposal in rural and urban contexts, management of long-term ill-effects.
Environmental pollution: Sustainable development. Radioactive wastes and disposal. Environmental impact
assessment for thermal power plants, mines, river valley projects. Air pollution. Pollution control acts.
Q.1: Outline the major legislative measures brought about in India for the management of environment.
(10 Marks CSE-20033
Sol: The major legislative measures brought about in India for the management of environment are:
(i) During 5th five year plan (1973-77) - "Water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1974" was
passed under which rules were notified for checking and preventing water pollution.
(ii) Central Board for the prevention and control of water pollution was constituted under 1974 act.
(iii) Another act, water (prevention and control of pollution) cess act 1977 was passed to reduce
industrial wastes.
(iv) Department of environment was setup in 1981 and air (prevention and control of pollution) act,
1981 was enacted.
(v) In 1986, the environment (protection) act, 1986 was promulgated by parliament under this act
various rules like Hazardous wastes (management and handling) rules 1989, The chemical accidents
rules 1996 etc. were formed.
(vi) Recent changes in motor vehicles act to promote electric vehicles is initiated to reduce air
pollution.
(vii) Constitution of courts under National Green tribunal act 2010 is recent initiative to ensure safe and
pollution free environment to citizens.
IBM Civil Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Q.2: Outline the salient functions of the Apex Body in the country related to prevention and control
of water pollution. (10 Marks CSE-20031
Sol: The salient functions of the apex body are:
(a) Laying of rules and regulations for various industries and other water polluting entities.
(b) Management of rivers of national importance.
(c) Classification of water bodies and directing controlling authorities to check pollution of these water
bodies.
(d) Directing states to form pollution control boards to control water pollution.
(e) Forming rules and laying water quality standards to be maintained for conservation of aquatic life
of water bodies.
Q.3: Define the term "Optimum Coagulant Dose" and explain its significance in water treatment.
(4 Marks CSE-20033
Sol: • The least amount of coagulant which gives best floc is termed as the optimum coagulant dose.
It varies as per the mixing and other factors involved in formation of flocs at site.
• The amount of coagulant added affects the sludge formed. The optimum coagulant dose, gives
best sludge with lower moisture content and higher solids thus more clear water available at outlet
of sedimentation.
Q.4: Explain how the information on "Optimum Coagulant Dose" is utilized to administer actual dose
in the plant. Highlight also the consequences if proper dosing was not carried out.
(8 Marks CSE-20031
Sol: Amount of coagulant depends on turbidity and colours of raw water.
• The use of optimum amount of coagulant to form a gelatinous precipitate (floc) is determined in
the laboratory by jar test.
Efficiency
•
• In this test, the coagulant is added in a sample of water
and after rapid mixing the turbidity of the sample is
used to know the optimum coagulant dose. umax
• Higher turbidity shows less effective coagulation and
coagulant dose is again varied.
• The dose at which minimum turbidity is observed is the ► Coagulant
Optimum dose dose
optimum coagulant dose.
• If the coagulant added is more than optimum dose then the coagulant itself will act as turbidity
and efficiency will reduce
• The study of relationship among pH, colloidal concentration of water and optimum coagulant dose
is necessary for satisfactory operation of a coagulation process. There might be following four
cases:
(i) High Turbidity, low alkalinity of water: In this case, more nuclei are available, so less
amount of coagulant is sufficient.
(ii) High Turbidity, High alkalinity of water: This type of water is unaffected by the addition
of coagulants. Higher coagulant dosage should be used to ensure sweep coagulation.
(iii) Low Turbidity, High Alkalinity of water: Due to low colloidal concentration, the low dose
of coagulants is less effective. Hence, high coagulant dosages will enmesh the colloidal
particles and form "sweep floc". Addition of coagulant aid (i.e., Bentonite clay) will help to
reduce the high coagulant dosage.
(iv) Low Turbidity, Low Alkalinity water: Because of low colloidal concentration, coagulation
is the most difficult and low alkalinity does not permit the effective formation of AI(OH)3 floc.
It may be useful to add both turbidity and alkalinity.
Civil Engineering
CSE Subjectwise Conventional Solved Paper-ll
Thus, in treatment plants, it is significant to determine the optimum dosage to minimize the
dosing cost and sludge formation and also to obtain the optimum performance in treatment.
Q.5: Filter sand is to be prepared for a rapid sand filter from the stock sand for which the details of
sieve analysis are given below:
Sieve Size Weight Retained Sieve Size Weight
(mm) (g) (mm) Retained (g)
2.0 0 0.50 168
1.5 100 0.40 159
1.2 125 0.30 165
1.0 150 0.20 95
0.9 210 0.10 120
0.8 115 0.08 51
0.75 100 0.06 33
0.70 170 Finer 04
0.60 235
The required effective size and the uniformity coefficient of the filter media is 0.3 mm and 2.5,
respectively.
Determine amount of usable sand and percentage and size above and below which the sand is
too coarse or too fine.
(20 Marks CSE-2003]
Sol: D10 filter media = 0.3 mm
060
Cu filter media = 2.5; Cu =
D10
D60
= 2.5 D60 = 0.3x2.5 = 0.75 mm
D10
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) = 100 - (4)
Size (mm) Mass retained % Mass retained Cumulative Cumulative % age
(gm) (2) % mass retained finer (Ps)
x100 = (2)
2000 20
2 0 0 0 100
1.5 100 5 5 95
1.2 125 6.25 11.25 88.75
1.0 150 7.50 18.75 81.25
0.9 210 10.50 29.25 70.75
0.8 115 5.75 35.00 65.00
0.75 100 5.00 40.00 60.00
0.70 170 8.50 48.50 51.50
0.60 235 11.75 60.25 39.750
0.50 168 8.40 68.65 31.35
0.40 159 7.95 76.60 23.40
0.30 165 8.25 84.85 15.150
0.20 95 4.75 89.60 10.40
0.10 120 6.00 95.60 4.40
0.08 51 2.55 98.15 1.85
0.06 33 1.65 99.80 0.20
finer 04 0.20 100.00 0
E 2000 100
IES MASTER Publication
Civil Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Thus, D60 = 0.750
and P60 = 60%
= 0.3
D10
Pio = 15.150%
Total usable sand, ruse = 2(P60 P— 10) = 2 x (60 — 15.15) = 89.7%
Thus 89.7% of stock sand can be used.
Now, stock finer, Pf = P10 0.1 x Pus, =15.15 — 8.97 = 6.18%
Stock coarser, Pc = 100 — ruse — Pf = 100 6.18 — 89.7 = 4.12%
Thus, 6.18% of finer sand is to be washed out and 4.12% of coarser sand is to be screened out.
Q.6: Briefly enumerate the reasons due to which Indian rivers continue to remain polluted in the
context of the special situations prevailing in India.
110 Marks CSE-2003]
Sol: The reasons due to which Indian rivers continue to remain polluted are as follows:
(i) Urbanisation:
• Rapid urbanisation in India during the recent decades has given rise to a number of environmental
problems such as water supply, wastewater generation and its collection, treatment and disposal.
• Nearly 80% of the water supplied for domestic use passes out as wastewater and in most cases,
this wastewater is let out untreated and causes large scale pollution of the river system.
(ii) Industries:
• Most Indian rivers and other sources of fresh water are polluted by industrial wastes or effluents.
All these industrial wastes are toxic to life forms that consume this water.
• While many large scale industries claim to have installed costly treatment and disposal equipments,
these are often not in proper working order.
(iii) Agricultural runoff and improper agricultural practices:
• Traces of fertilizers and pesticides are wasted into the nearest water bodies at the onset of the
monsoons or whenever there are heavy showers.
• Intensive and ever increasing usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides and other
chemicals is adding a new dimension to such pollution.
(iv) Withdrawal of water:
• Indian rivers particularly the Himalyan Rivers, have plenty of water in their upper course. They are
however, starved of water when they enter the plain area. Irrigation canals whisk away clean water
soon after the rivers reach the plains, denying water to flow in the river downstream.
• As the quantity of fresh water in the river is negligibly small, pollution either from urban and rural
areas, industries or even natural forms of pollution cannot get diluted and its ill effects are not
reduced.
• The Yamuna has almost no water at Tajewala in Haryana where the Eastern Yamuna canal and
the western Yamuna canal abstract all the water for irrigation.
(v) Religious and social practices:
Religious faith and social practices also add to pollution of our river waters.
Carcasses of cattle and other animals are disposed in the rivers.
Dead bodies are cremated on the river banks.
Partially burnt bodies are also flung into the river.
• These practices pollute the river water and adversely affect the water quality.
Civil Engineering
CSE Subjectwise Conventional Solved Paper-ll
Q.7: Briefly outline a fool proof strategy through which Indian rivers can be kept pollution free.
(10 Marks CSE-2003]
Sol: Highly contaminated water coming out from the industries and their left over chemical residues, etc. are
discharged into the river through drains. Waste generated, due to daily activities of the people living in
the houses, are also thrown into the rivers which leaves the river's water highly polluted. If we have to
control water pollution, we will have to find out a way out, and devise laws and strategies.
(i) We should strictly follow all the laws regarding water pollution:
• The legislative provisions, such as the water act 1974 and control of pollution prevention and
environmental protection act 1986 are there but these have not been implemented effectively and
so we will have to get these implemented strictly for effective prevention of water pollution.
Apart from the laws, creating awareness about the impacts of water pollution is required.
(ii) Industries should behave more responsibly:
Many industries directly flow their waste everywhere which reaches rivers through rain water.
To prevent water pollution from industrial wastes, it is required that these wastes should be
disposed off properly.
• License of such industries should be cancelled.
(iii) Avoiding hazardous material: It is also extremely important to adopt the correct methods of
disposal of toxic wastes. In places where points, cleaning and strain removal chemicals are used,
it is required to arrange for the safe disposal of the wastes and the contaminated water coming
out of these factories.
(iv) Cleaning of drains:
• To prevent water pollution, the drains are required to be cleaned on a regular basis. With improper
cleaning, water reaches the rivers and canal with tons of garbage and pollutants.
• We should develop a technology to keep the drains away from the water sources.
(v) Recycling and reuse of water: The use of low quality water, such as treated wastewater in the
industries and for washing utensils and gardening makes the fresh water less contaminated.
(vi) Preventing soil erosion:
• To prevent water from getting polluted, we are also required to prevent soil erosion.
• We will have to plant more trees to stop soil erosion.
(vii) Cleaning of water ways and the beaches:
• Cleaning is required on a regular basis as water of the rivers, ponds and even the groundwater
has also been contaminated by humans.
• We must take strict action against it and clean it regularly.
(viii) Adopting organic farming: The farmers should minimise the use of various chemical fertilizers
in their fields. When it rains, all chemicals go into the ponds and rivers through rain water and
thus water bodies get heavily polluted.
Q.8: The chemical analysis of a water indicates the presence of cations as Na= 20 mg/L; Mg" = 60
mg/L; Ca++ = 45 mg/L. Compute the hardness (as equivalent of CaCO3). The combining weights
of Ca, Mg and CaCO3. The combining weights of Ca, Mg and CaCO3 are 20, 12 and 50 respectively.
(12 Marks CSE-20031
Sol: Given: Na+ = 20 mg/L
Mg2+ = 60 mg/L
Ca2+ = 45 mg/L
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