Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease PDF
Preview Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease
Simone M. Cacciò Giovanni Widmer Editors Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease ThiSisaFMBlankPage Simone M. Caccio` (cid:129) Giovanni Widmer Editors Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease Editors SimoneM.Caccio` GiovanniWidmer DepartmentofInfectious,Parasitic TuftsCummingsSchoolofVeterinaryMedicine andImmunomediatedDiseases DivisionofInfectiousDiseases IstitutoSuperiorediSanita` NorthGrafton,Massachusetts Rome,Italy USA ISBN978-3-7091-1561-9 ISBN978-3-7091-1562-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6 SpringerWienHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013954572 ©Springer-VerlagWien2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Itismorethana100yearssinceCryptosporidiumparasiteswerefirstdescribedby EdwardTyzzer.1Inadditiontotheinitialdiscovery,twoeventsstandoutforhaving significantlyimpactedourawarenessoftheseparasitesandthediseasestheycause. The HIV epidemic andthe emergence ofcryptosporidiosisas a potentially severe opportunisticinfectioninpeoplelivingwithAIDSwassignificant,notonlybecause oftheclinicalimplicationsbutbecauseitmotivatedasubstantialresearcheffortand a desire to better understand these parasites. A second notable event was the waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak which occurred in Milwaukee in 1993. Theimportanceofthisoutbreakisillustratedbythefactthatthearticle2reporting ontheepidemiologicalinvestigationoftheoutbreakwascitedover600times,more than any other paper with the term Cryptosporidium inthe title listed inPubMed. Subsequently, the application of genotyping methods based on the polymerase chain reaction revealed the common occurrence of cryptosporidiosis in animals, particularlyinyounglivestock,andtheimportanceofzoonotictransmissionofthis parasite. Whereas waterborne outbreaks have provided incentives for improving drinking water quality, progress in treatment and prevention of cryptosporidiosis has been disappointing. As described in this book, basic research has generated a wealth of information on many aspects of Cryptosporidium biology, but this knowledge has not had a decisive impact on the progress towards the production ofeffectivetreatmentsorvaccines.Cryptosporidiosisthusremainsaseriousinfec- tion, not only for immunocompromised individuals but also for children living in underdevelopedcountries.Inrecognitionofthediseaseburden,andtounderlineits linkwithpoverty,theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)hasincludedcryptospo- ridiosisintheNeglectedDiseasesInitiativesince2004. 1Tyzzer,E.E.(1907)Asporozoonfoundinthepepticglandsofthecommonmouse.Proc.Soc. Exp.Biol.Med.5,12–13. 2MacKenzieWR,HoxieNJ,ProctorME,GradusMS,BlairKA,PetersonDE,KazmierczakJJ, AddissDG,FoxKR,RoseJB,etal.(1994)AmassiveoutbreakinMilwaukeeofCryptosporidium infectiontransmittedthroughthepublicwatersupply.NEnglJMed.331,161–167. v vi Preface ThecontentofthisbookreflectstheextenttowhichourknowledgeofCrypto- sporidium parasites has expanded in recent years. The 13 chapters are written by scientists,cliniciansandveterinarianshavingmanyyearsofexperiencewiththese parasites and who together have published hundreds of research papers. This practical experience and scholarly activity is reflected in the quality of the contributions. The book covers a wide range of subjects, ranging from clinical cryptosporidiosis to the epidemiology, taxonomy, host-parasite interaction and molecular biology. Recent progress in the field of Cryptosporidium “omics” is alsocovered. We have grouped the chapters in four parts. Part I covers taxonomy and epidemiology.Itincludesfourchaptersonthemoleculartaxonomy,epidemiology, evolutionandecologyofCryptosporidiumspeciesinfectinghumans,livestockand othervertebrates.PartIIcovers“omics”-relatedsubjects(genomics,transcriptomics and proteomics), as well as an overview of Cryptosporidium metabolism and its many unique features. Host-parasite interaction is the focus of Part III. Clinical cryptosporidiosis, immunology and the current state of drug development are covered. The last part is devoted to waterborne cryptosporidiosis. Two chapters review the implications of Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking and recreational water and give an overview of treatments to remove and inactivate oocysts in drinkingwater. Thisbookisevidenceofthedevotionof34authorsresidinginsevencountries whotogetherhaveinvestedasignificanteffortinreviewingandinterpretingrecent progressintheirrespectivefields.Theeditorswouldliketoexpresstheirgratitude totheauthorsfortakingonthistask. Contents PartI TaxonomyandEpidemiologyofCryptosporidium 1 TaxonomyandMolecularTaxonomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 UnaRyanandLihuaXiao 2 EpidemiologyofHumanCryptosporidiosis. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 43 SimoneM.Caccio` andLorenzaPutignani 3 MolecularEpidemiologyofHumanCryptosporidiosis. . . . . . . . . . . 81 GordonL.Nichols,RachelM.Chalmers,andStephenJ.Hadfield 4 CryptosporidiosisinFarmedAnimals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 LucyJ.Robertson,CamillaBjo¨rkman,CharlotteAxe´n, andRonaldFayer 5 CryptosporidiosisinOtherVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 MartinKva´cˇ,JohnMcEvoy,BriannaStenger,andMarkClark PartII MolecularBiology 6 Cryptosporidium:CurrentStateofGenomicsandSystems BiologicalResearch. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 327 AaronR.JexandRobinB.Gasser 7 FromGenometoProteome:TranscriptionalandProteomic AnalysisofCryptosporidiumParasites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 JonathanM.WastlingandNadineP.Randle 8 CryptosporidiumMetabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 GuanZhuandFengguangGuo vii viii Contents PartIII Host-parasiteInteraction 9 HumanCryptosporidiosis:AClinicalPerspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 HenryShikaniandLouisM.Weiss 10 ImmunologyofCryptosporidiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 GuokuHu,YaoyuFeng,StevenP.O’Hara,andXian-MingChen 11 TreatmentofCryptosporidiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 JanR.MeadandMichaelJ.Arrowood PartIV CryptosporidiumandWater 12 CryptosporidiumOocystsinDrinkingWaterandRecreational Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 PaulA.RochelleandGeorgeD.DiGiovanni 13 RemovalandInactivationofCryptosporidiumfromWater. . . . . . . 515 PaulMonis,BrendonKing,andAlexandraKeegan Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Contributors Michael J. Arrowood Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, WaterborneandEnvironmentalDiseases,Atlanta,USA Charlotte Axe´n Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, NationalVeterinaryInstitute,Uppsala,Sweden Camilla Bjo¨rkman Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiol- ogy,DepartmentofClinicalSciences,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences, Uppsala,Sweden Simone M. Caccio` Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases,IstitutoSuperiorediSanita`,Rome,Italy Rachel M. Chalmers Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology,SingletonHospital,Swansea,UnitedKingdom Xian-Ming Chen Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, CreightonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Omaha,USA Mark Clark Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University Department2715,Fargo,USA RonaldFayer AgriculturalResearchService,UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgri- culture,EnvironmentalMicrobialandFoodSafetyLaboratory,Beltsville,USA Yaoyu Feng School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Shanghai,China RobinB.Gasser TheUniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,Australia George D. Di Giovanni University of Texas School of Public Health, El Paso, USA Fengguang Guo Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine&BiomedicalSciences,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,USA ix
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