Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm I

525 Pages·1995·11.683 MB·English

by  Y. P. S. Bajaj (auth.), Y. P. S. Bajaj (eds.)

Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Volumes already published
Volume 1: Trees I (1986)
Volume 2: Crops I (1986)
Volume 3: Potato (1987)
Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988)
Volume 5: Trees II (1989)
Volume 6: Crops II (1988)
Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (1989)
Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering 1(1989)
Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II (1989)
Volume 10: Legumes and Oilseed Crops I (1990)
Volume 11: Somac1onal Variation in Crop Improvement I (1990)
Volume 12: Haploids in Crop Improvement I (1990)
Volume 13: Wheat (1990)
Volume 14: Rice (1991)
Volume 15: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III (1991)
Volume 16: Trees III (1991)
Volume 17: High-Tech and Micropropagation I (1991)
Volume 18: High-Tech and Micropropagation II (1991)
Volume 19: High-Tech and Micropropagation III (1992)
Volume 20: High-Tech and Micropropagation IV (1992)
Volume 21: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV (1993)
Volume 22: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering III (1993)
Volume 23: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering IV (1993)
Volume 24: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants V (1993)
Volume 25: Maize (1994)
Volume 26: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VI (1994)
Volume 27: Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement I (1994)
Volume 28: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VII (1994)
Volume 29: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering V (1994)
Volume 30: Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed I (1995)
Volume 31: Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed II (1995)
Volume 32: Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm I (1995)
Volumes in preparation
Volume 33: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VIII (1995)
Volume 34: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering VI (1995)
Volume 35: Trees IV
Volume 36: Somac1onal Variation in Crop Improvement II
Volume 37: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IX
Volume 38: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering VII
Biotechnology in
Agriculture and Forestry 32
Cryopreservation
of Plant Germplasm I
Edited by Y.P.S. Bajaj
With 143 Figures
Springer
Marjo S. van der Knaap, MD, PhD
Department of Child Neurology
Jacob Valk, MD, PhD
Department of Diagnostic Radiology
Free University Hospital
De Boelelaan 1117
1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ISBN 978-3-642-08184-2
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Knaap, Marjo S. van der: Magnetic resonance of myelin, myelination, and myelin disorders /
M. S. van der Knaap; J. Valk. - 2. ed.
1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Valk, Jacob: Magnetic resonance of myelin, myelination, and myelin disorders
ISBN 978-3-642-08184-2 ISBN 978-3-662-03096-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03096-7
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989, 1995
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1995
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1995
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SPIN: 10481559 21/3135 -5432 10-Printed on acid-free paper
Dedicated to
Professor Dr. RG. Butenko
of the Tzmiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology,
Academy of Sciences Moscow,
whose laboratory I had
the privilege of visiting in 1975
Preface
The germ plasm of numerous plant species, especially those of forest trees,
some agricultural crops, and medicinal plants, is endangered and threatened
with extinction. This depletion of germplasm pools and the shrinkage of
naturally occurring genetic resources have caused international concern.
Conventionally, the germplasm of plants is conserved through seeds, tubers,
roots, corms, rhizomes, bulbs, cuttings, etc. However, the germ plasm of
a number of trees and plantation crops (such as coconut, cocao, coffee, oil
palm, rubber, mango, horse chestnut, etc.) cannot be preserved since their
seed are short-lived (recalcitrant). Likewise, germplasm of vegetatively
propagated crops (such as potato and cassava) cannot be stored on a long
term basis and has to be grown and multiplied periodically in nurseries and
fields. The plants are thus exposed to unpredictable weather conditions and
diseases, with the result that instances are known where entire genetic stocks
are lost. Therefore, unconventional methods are being developed for the
storage and international exchange of germplasm. For this purpose in vitro
cultures have been employed, but they can only enable short- to medium
term preservation; moreover, cell cultures upon repeated subculture undergo
genetic erosion. In view of the recent developments in the in vitro induction of
genetic variability through somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization,
recombinant DNA technology, etc., new methods need to be employed for
the storage of desirable cultures. In this regard freeze preservation of cells in
liquid nitrogen (-196 0q, like that of semen, enables long-term storage,
theoretically, for an indefinite period of time.
Considering the aforementioned aspects, while working at the Freie
Universitat at Berlin in 1974, I regenerated whole plants of carrot and
tobacco from cell suspensions frozen at - 20, - 70, and - 196°C. This
work evoked an enthusiastic response when presented at the International
Botanical Congress Leningrad in 1975, and then at the International
Colloquium Plant Cell and Tissue Culture held at the Ohio State Univer
sity, Columbus, in 1977. Since then, numerous reports have appeared, and
cryopreservation has now become a very fascinating area of research in
plant biotechnology, especially for the conservation of (1) germplasm of
vegetatively propagated crops, (2) plants with recalcitrant seeds, (3) in vitro
induced genetic variability, and (4) somaclones for use in the pharmaceuti
cal industry.
The present book, Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm I, has thus
attempted to present the work done, especially on agricultural crops, fruit
VIII Preface
and forest trees, and medicinal plants, achievements made, to survey the
literature, and to highlight the potential of this technology for long-term
storage and establishment of gene banks. This book, comprising 35
chapters, has been divided into the following six sections:
I Cryopreservation of Plant Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Seeds;
II Tree Species-Citrus, Malus, Morus, Pyrus, Juglans, Date Palm, Oil
Palm, Coconut, Veitchia, Howea, Calamus, Hevea, Larix, Picea, and
Pinus;
III Cereals and Grasses-Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sugarcane, Setaria, and
Puccinellia;
IV Legumes and Oilseed Crops-Arachis hypogaea, Cicer arietinum,
Pisum sativum, Medicago, Trifolium and Brassica Species;
V Fruits, Vegetables, Tuber and Root Crops-Actinidia, Asparagus,
Sugarbeet, Strawberry, Tomato, Banana, Potato, and Cassava;
VI Medicinal, Aromatic, and Ornamental Plants-Anisodus,
Chrysanthemum, Dianthus, Digitalis, Dioscorea, and Lavandula.
New Delhi, March 1995 Professor y.P.S. BAJAJ
Series Editor
Contents
Section I Cryopreservation of Cells, Tissues, Organs,
and Recalcitrant Seeds
I.l Cryopreservation of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture
for the Conservation of Germplasm and Biodiversity
y'P.S. BAJAJ (With 4 Figures)
I Conservation of Germplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Prospects for Cryopreservation of In Vitro Cultures 10
3 Methods of Cryopreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 General Guidelines and Factors Affecting Cryoability 14
5 Gene Banks and the International Exchange
of Germplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7 Conclusion - Reproducibility of Results . . . 17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
I.2 Cryopreservation of Recalcitrant Seeds
V.c. PENCE (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Recalcitrant Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Factors Affecting Cryopreservation of Recalcitrant Seeds . 33
4 Application of Cryopreservation of Recalcitrant Seeds . . 36
5 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6 Selected Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Section II Cryopreservation of Germplasm of Trees
11.1 Cryopreservation of Germplasm of Woody Plants
A. SAKAI (With 7 Figures)
I Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53
2 Survival Mechanism of Very Hardy Tissues
or Twigs After Cooling to the Temperature
of Liquid Nitrogen ( -196°C) . . . . . . . . 54
3 Cryopreservation of Winter Woody Plant Materials 56
X Contents
4 Cryopreservation of Cultured Cells
and In Vitro Grown Meristems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
IL2 Cryoconservation of Germplasm of Citrus
N. DURAN-VILA (With 4 Figures)
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2 Cryoconservation of Citrus . . . . . . . . . 74
3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
II.3 Cryopreservation of Apple (Malus Species) Genetic Resources
C. STUSHNOFF and M. SEUFFERHELD (With 2 Figures)
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2 Rationale and Potential Application
for Cryopreservation of Apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3 Cryopreservation of In Vitro Systems with Apple . . . . . 95
4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
References 99
II.4 Cryopreservation of Germplasm of Mulberry
(Morus Species)
T. NIINO (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2 Cryopreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
II.5 Cryopreservation and Minimum Growth Storage
of Pear (Pyrus Species)
T. MORIGUCHI (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2 Cryopreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3 Minimum Growth Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
II.6 Cryopreservation of Germplasm of Walnut (Juglans Species)
M.T. DE BOUCAUD and M. BRISON (With 4 Figures)
General Account ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
2 Cryopreservation of Juglans Germplasm . . . . . . . . . . 132
3 Summary and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Contents XI
11.7 Cryopreservation of Date Palm, Oil Palm, and Coconut
F. ENGELMANN, B. AssY-BAH, S. BAGNIOL, D. DUMET,
and N. MICHAUx-FERRIERE (With 18 Figures)
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
2 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) 148
3 Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
11.8 Cryopreservation of Germplasm of Ornamental Palms
(Veitchia, Howea, and Calamus Species)
B. KRISHNAPILLAY, H.F. CHIN, and M. MARZALINA
(With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
2 Cryopreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
11.9 Cryopreservation of Germplasm of Rubber
(Hevea brasiliensis)
M.N. NORMAH and H.F. CHIN (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
2 Storage of Germplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
3 Cryopreservation of Embryonic Axes . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
11.10 Cryopreservation of Germplasm
of Larix and Picea Species
P.J. CHAREST and K. KLIMASZEWSKA (With 6 Figures)
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
2 Cryopreservation of Larix and Picea Embryonal Masses . . 192
3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
11.11 Cryopreservation of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
A. HOHTOLA (With 1 Figure)
General Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
2 Cryopreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
3 Summary and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212