Crude Oil Emulsions - Composition, Stability, Characterization

240 Pages·2012·11.666 MB·English

by  M. Abdel-Raouf

CRUDE OIL EMULSIONS –
COMPOSITION STABILITY
AND CHARACTERIZATION

Edited by Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf
Crude Oil Emulsions – Composition Stability and Characterization
Edited by Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for
commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which
ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in
any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the
work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify
the original source.

As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published
chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly
credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.

Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Vana Persen
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team

First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Crude Oil Emulsions – Composition Stability and Characterization,
Edited by Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0220-5

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Asphaltenes in Crude Oil 1
Chapter 1 Asphaltenes – Problems
and Solutions in E&P of Brazilian Crude Oils 3
Erika Chrisman, Viviane Lima and Príscila Menechini
Chapter 2 Petroleum Asphaltenes 27
Lamia Goual
Chapter 3 Adsorption and Aggregation
of Asphaltenes in Petroleum Dispersed Systems 43
Jamilia O. Safieva, Kristofer G. Paso,
Ravilya Z. Safieva and Rustem Z. Syunyaev
Chapter 4 Natural Surfactants
from Venezuelan Extra Heavy
Crude Oil - Study of Interfacial and Structural Properties 59
B. Borges
Part 2 Characterization of Crude Oil 69
Chapter 5 Thermodynamic Models for
the Prediction of Petroleum-Fluid Phase Behaviour 71
Romain Privat and Jean-Noël Jaubert
Chapter 6 Analysis of Polar Components
in Crude Oil by Ambient Mass Spectrometry 107
Chu-Nian Cheng, Jia-Hong Lai, Min-Zong Huang,
Jung-Nan Oung and Jentaie Shiea
Chapter 7 Determination of
Metal Ions in Crude Oils 121
M.Y. Khuhawar, M. Aslam Mirza
and T.M. Jahangir
VI Contents

Part 3 Crude Oil Biology 145
Chapter 8 Crude Oil by EPR 147
Marilene Turini Piccinato, Carmen Luisa Barbosa Guedes
and Eduardo Di Mauro
Chapter 9 Effects of Crude Oil
Contaminated Water on the Environment 169
Noyo Edema
Part 4 Natural Components in Crude Oil 181
Chapter 10 Factors Affecting the Stability of Crude Oil Emulsions 183
Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf
Chapter 11 Tailored Polymer Additives
for Wax (Paraffin) Crystal Control 205
Aurel Radulescu, Lewis J. Fetters and Dieter Richter

Preface

We live in what has been called the Petroleum Age. This hydrocarbon-rich mixture of
crude oil and gases runs our factories, our cars, heats homes and has changed the face
of life on the earth since it’s discovery on 1901.
Crude oil is an extremely versatile, naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of
a complex combination of various molecular hydrocarbons weights and other organic
liquid compounds that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface.
Petroleum is recovered principally through oil drilling.
Refining it creates everything from asphalt and gasoline to lighter fluids and natural
gas, along with a variety of vital elements such as sulphur and nitrogen. Petroleum
products are also vital ingredients (“feedstocks”) in the manufacture of medicines,
chemicals and plastics.
The aim of this book is to discuss the many topics related to crude oil. It includes five
sections. The first section deals with asphaltenes-these are natural surfactants that
stabilize petroleum emulsions. The chapters of the second section discuss some
advanced methods used in characterization of crude oil and it’s components. The third
section includes and publishes new discoveries and improvements in crude oil
biology. The fourth section discusses the natural components presented in crude oil
and those factors affecting crude oil stability. The final chapter involves some
innovative ideas and concepts related to the crude oil.
Finally, we would like to thank all the authors who had participated in this book for
their valuable contribution. While there is no doubt that this book may have omitted
some significant findings in the petroleum field, we hope the information included in
will be useful for both petroleum engineers and chemists, in addition to the academic
researches working in this field.

Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf
Professor of Petroleum Chemistry
Petroleum Application Department
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
Egypt