Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century (Studies in North American Indian History) PDF
Preview Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century (Studies in North American Indian History)
Crow Dog's case CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN HISTORY Editors Frederick Hoxie, The Newberry Library Neal Salisbury, Smith College Also in the series RICHARD WHITE The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 Crow Dog's case American Indian sovereignty, tribal law, and United States law in the nineteenth century SIDNEY L. HARRING CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1994 First published 1994 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harring, Sidney L., 1947- Crow Dog's case : American Indian sovereignty, tribal law, and United States law in the nineteenth century / Sidney L. Harring. p. cm. - (Cambridge studies in North American Indian history) ISBN 0-521-41563-2 (hardback) ISBN 0-521-46716-0 (paperback) 1. Indians of North America - Legal status, laws, etc. - History. 2. Indians of North America - Government relations - History. I. Title. II. Series. KF8205.H37 1994 346.7301'3-dc20 [347.30613] 92-23823 CIP A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-521-41563-2 hardback ISBN 0-521-46716-0 paperback Transferred to digital printing 2003 To Crow Dog, Crazy Snake, Sitting Bull, Bill Whaley, Sah Quah, Corn Tassel, White Path, Isparhecher, Spotted Tail, Plenty Horses, Standing Bear, Bai-a-lil-le, Tla-coo-yel-lee, Columbia George, Nynche, Red Jacket, Scun-doo, their people, and their jurisprudence They are strangers to the common law. They derive their jurisprudence from an entirely different source. Ex pane Tiger 47 S.W. 304 (1898), at 305 Contents Acknowledgments page xi 1 "This high pretension of savage sovereignty" 1 Crow Dog and the origins of U.S. Indian law 1 Indians and their law 10 Legal pluralism: the meaning of sovereignty in U.S. Indian law 12 The century of dishonor 15 Of red, black, and yellow: the relationship of U.S. Indian law to the legal oppression of other racial minorities 18 Legal history and legal doctrine 20 The plan of the study 21 2 Corn Tassel: state and federal conflict over tribal sovereignty 25 Corn Tassel's case 26 State criminal jurisdiction over Indians 34 The Northeast and South, 1822-35 36 The North and West, 1835-80 44 Federal Indian law from Worcester to Crow Dog 53 3 U.S. Indian law and the Indian nations: the Creek Nation, 1870-1900 57 The legal status of the Indian Territory, 1865-1900 60 Creek legal culture, 1870-1900 73 The constitutional legal system of the Creek Nation 82 Crazy Snake's rebellion 93 4 Crow Dog's case 100 Brule law 103 Spotted Tail and Crow Dog: Brule Sioux society in 1381 105 The killing of Spotted Tail 108 viii Contents Early BIA attempts to prosecute Indians under state or territorial law 115 The trial of Crow Dog 118 Crow Dog's appeal 126 The Supreme Court's decision 129 Law for the Indians: the Major Crimes Act 134 Conclusion 141 5 Imposed law and forced assimilation: the legal impact of the Major Crimes Act and the Kagatna decision 142 A Klamath killing under U.S. law 144 State criminal jurisdiction after Crow Dog and Kagama 149 The jurisdictional problems of land allotment 153 Jurisdiction over railroad lands 158 Civil jurisdiction 160 Jurisdictional problems of liquor control 162 The racial geography of federal Indian law 165 Cultural geography: inherent limits of the reach of U.S. law into tribal cultures 169 Conclusion 174 6 Sitting Bull and Clapox: the application of BIA law to Indians outside of the Major Crimes Act 175 The arrest and killing of Sitting Bull 176 The Indian police 182 Courts of Indian Offenses 185 Indian court reform 190 The writ of habeas corpus and reservation Indians: the legal significance of Standing Bear v. Crook 192 Bai-a-lil-le and the Indian Rights Association challenge to the "big stick" policy of Commissioner Leupp 198 Indian citizenship 203 The reservation as prison: forced confinement of Indians on reservations 204 Conclusion 206 7 The struggle for tribal sovereignty in Alaska, 1867-1900 207 Russian colonization and Tlingit sovereignty 208 U.S. legal jurisdiction over Alaskan natives 212 Tlingit law meets U.S. law 220 Tlingit law under the purview of U.S. courts 230 The accelerating imposition of U.S. law, 1886-1900 236 Contents ix The development of an assimilationist policy for the Tlingit 246 Conclusion 248 8 The legal structuring of violence: U.S. law and the Indian wars 251 The legal recognition of Indian wars: the Indian Depredations Act of 1891 252 The Indian war as a criminal defense: the trial of Plenty Horses 258 U.S. law and Indian crime: the legal structuring of intra-Indian violence 262 Witch killings 268 The killing of authority figures 273 Drinking and fighting 277 Indian property crime 280 Conclusion 281 9 Conclusion 282 Toward an ethnolegal history of Indian law 282 American Indian law 287 Toward a new Indian legal history 291 Index 293
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