Crosstalk in WDM Communication Networks

212 Pages·2002·9.02 MB·English

by  Idelfonso Tafur Monroy, Eduward Tangdiongga (auth.)

CROSSTALK IN WDM
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
CROSSTALK IN WDM
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
by
Idelfonso Tafur Monroy
Eduward Tangdiongga
COBRA Institute,
Eindhoven University ofTechnology
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ISBN978-1-4419-5275-2 ISBN978-1-4757-3594-9(eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-3594-9
......
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Copyright© 2002 by SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork
OriginallypublishedbyKluwerAcademicPublishersin2002.
Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition2002
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Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
I. INTRODUCTION 1
I Briefhistorical review 2
2 All-optical networks 3
3 Subjectofthe book 4
References 5
2. MULTI-WAVELENGTHOPTICALNETWORKS 7
1 Introduction 7
2 Buildingblocks 8
2.1 Opticaltransmitters andreceivers 8
2.2 Opticalmultiplexing 8
2.3 Optical add-drop multiplexers 8
2.4 Optical cross-connects 9
2.5 Networkmanagement 9
3 Evolutionpath toward all-opticalnetworking 11
3.1 WDM point-to-pointsystems 11
3.2 All-optical networks 11
4 Enablingtechnologies 13
4.1 Light sourcesand receivers 13
4.2 Optical amplifiers 13
4.3 Dense WDM (de)multiplexer 14
4.4 Optical switching 15
4.5 Wavelength conversion 16
4.6 Photonicintegration 16
Vlll CROSSTALKIN WDMCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKS
5 Performancelimitationsinoptical networks 16
5.1 Opticalamplifiers 17
5.2 Fibernonlinearities 17
5.3 Fiberdispersion 17
5.4 Polarizationeffects 18
5.5 Componentdrift and aging 18
5.6 Optical crosstalk 18
6 Furtherreading 19
References 19
3. CROSSTALKIN WDMNETWORKS 23
1 Classificationofoptical crosstalkinWDM Systems 23
1.1 Non-linearcrosstalk 23
1.2 Linearcrosstalk 25
2 Crosstalkmechanisminoptical cross-connects 28
3 Characteristicsofcrosstalk 30
3.1 Polarizationstates ofsignal and crosstalk 33
3.2 Wavelengthsofsignal andcrosstalk 33
3.3 Phases ofsignal and crosstalk 34
4 Detectionthresholdand extinctionratio 35
4.1 Detectionthreshold 35
4.2 Non-perfectextinctionratio 35
5 Simplifiedanalysis 36
5.1 Single interferer 37
5.2 Multiplecrosstalksources 40
6 Summary 41
References 41
4. PERFORMANCEANALYSIS 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Methodsusing minimumstatistics 45
2.1 Gaussianapproximation 45
3 Methodsusing momentgeneratingfunction 48
3.1 Saddlepointapproximation 48
3.2 ModifiedChemoffbound 49
4 Momentgeneratingfunction ofcrosstalk 51
4.1 Error probabilitygiven by SPAandMCB 53
4.2 ComparisonbetweenSPAandMCB methods 54
Contents IX
5 Summary 57
References 58
5. CROSSTALKMODELING 61
1 Photodetection 61
2 FilteredPoissonprocessmodel 62
3 Crosstalkmodeling 64
4 Momentgeneratingfunctions 65
4.1 Singlecrosstalksource 66
4.2 Multiplecrosstalksources 67
5 Filteredinterferometriccrosstalk 68
5.1 Momentcharacterizationoffiltered crosstalk 70
5.2 Derivationofthe moments 70
6 Probabilitydensityfunction offiltered crosstalk 73
6.1 Maximumentropyapproach 73
6.2 Computersimulation 73
6.3 MeasuredPDF 74
6.4 Gaussianapproximation 75
7 Performanceanalysisformultiple crosstalkinterferers 76
8 Experiment 77
8.1 Externalmodulation 79
8.2 Directmodulation 80
9 Summary 80
Appendix5.A:Derivationofthe MGF in(5.28) 81
Appendix5.B:Derivationofthe momentsoffiltered crosstalk 82
References 84
6. CROSSTALKIN OPTICALLYPRE-AMPLIFIEDSYSTEMS 87
1 Introduction 87
2 All-optical amplifiers 88
2.1 Fiberamplifiers 89
2.2 Semiconductoramplifiers 90
2.3 Ramanamplifiers 92
3 Opticallypre-amplifiedreceiver 93
4 Performanceanalysis 94
4.1 Momentgeneratingfunctions 94
4.2 Errorprobability 96
5 Experimentaldetails 97
x CROSSTALKIN WDMCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKS
6 Resultsand discussions 99
7 Summary 103
References 104
7. SCALABILITYOF OPTICALNETWORKS 107
1 Systemmodel 107
1.1 Cross-connectarchitecture 107
1.2 Crosstalkmechanism 109
1.3 Inbandcrosstalk 109
1.4 Interbandcrosstalk 110
1.5 Spontaneousemissionnoise 110
1.6 The opticalpath 110
2 Calculationsand discussion 111
2.1 Referencenode: N>. = 4, N = 3 III
f
2.2 Crosstalkonly III
2.3 AccumulatedASE 112
2.4 Nodescalability 113
2.5 Scalabilitywith respectto N>. and Nf 113
3 Summary 115
Appendix7.A:Modeling 118
References 125
8. CROSSTALKMITIGATIONTECHNIQUES 127
1 Introduction 127
2 Crosstalkmitigationtechniques 128
3 Conceptofphasescrambling 130
4 Statisticsoffiltered crosstalk 135
5 Implementationofphasescrambling 138
5.1 Phasescramblingtest-bed 138
5.2 Base-bandphasenoise 140
5.3 Cosinescramblingformat 145
5.4 Bandpassphasenoise 149
6 Scalability 152
6.1 Singlechanneloperation 152
6.2 Multi-channeloperation 153
7 Summary 154
References 154
Contents Xl
9. CROSSTALKMITIGATIONIN WDMSYSTEMS 157
1 Introduction 157
2 Integrated optical cross-connects 158
2.1 Building blocks 158
2.2 Realization ofcross-connects 160
2.3 Packaging ofintegrated cross-connects 163
3 PhasescramblinginWDM systems 165
4 Performanceofintegrated cross-connect 168
4.1 Deviceperformance 169
4.2 System performance 170
4.3 Performanceofcascadedcross-connects 172
5 Summary 176
References 177
10.PERFORMANCEMONITORINGTECHNIQUES 179
1 Introduction 179
2 Systemdescription 181
2.1 Optical signalprocessing 181
2.2 Adaptive signalprocessing 184
3 Experimental setup 187
4 Discussions andsummary 189
References 190
ListofFigures 193
ListofTables 201
Index 203