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Arachnologische Mitteilungen /Arachnology Letters 52:4-6 Karlsruhe, September2016 Crossopriza lyoni new to Germany (Araneae: Pholcidae) Tobias Bauer, IngoWendt,Joachim Holstein &Guido Gabriel doi: 10.5431/aramit5202 Abstract.Thefirstrecord ofCrossoprizalyoni(Blackwall, 1867)from Germanyis presented.The speciesseemsto beestablished attwo localitiesin Stuttgart,Germany.Someinformationaboutthebiologyofthepopulationsisgiven.Thecosmopolitandistribution pattern anda possiblerouteofintroductionarediscussed. Keywords:alien, introduced species,newrecord,spider,synanthropic Zusammenfassung. Erster Nachweis von Crossoprizalyoniin Deutschland (Araneae: Pholcidae). Der erste Nachweis von Crosso- prizalyoni(Blackwall, 1867)aus Deutschlandwird präsentiert.DieArtscheintanden beiden Nachweisorten inStuttgartinzwischenfest etabliert. DesWeiteren werden Details zur Lebensweisean diesen Fundorten und die kosmopolitischeVerbreitung derArtzusammen mitMöglichkeitenderEinschleppung besprochen unddiskutiert. Nearly all members ofthe spider family Pholcidae recorded Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Wilhelma Zoological and Botani- in Central Europe are alien species,and theirpopulations are cal Garden Stuttgart,Greenhouse,224 m a.s.l,48°48’17.8”N, norma&lly associated with buildings (Blick et al. 2004&, Hei- 09°12’22.8”E (WGS 84), MTB 7121, 1. Wendt leg.,J. Hol- mer Nentwig 1991, Huber et al. 2015, Nentwig Ko- stein det. belt 2010). Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall, 1867), which has Photographs of the epigyne and vulva were taken with onlybeen recorded once in Europe byVan Keer &Van Keer a Canon 60D connected to a Novex RZ stereomicroscope, (2001) in the port area of Antwerp, Belgium, was recently habitus pictures were taken with a Canon 5D and 100 mm (2010) lound in Stuttgart, Germany, in a reptile supply shop macro lens.Micro photographs of the palpuswere takenwith and a feeder insect breeding room of the Wilhelma, the a Canon 5D SR,65 mm macro lens and stackedwith Zerene Zoological-Botanical GardenofStuttgart.This species has so StackerSoftware.Specimenswere preserved in 70-80%etha- far been recorded Irom every continent (except Antarctica), nol. Systematics and nomenclature follow the World Spider e.g. from the United States (Edwards 1993), several coun- Catalog (2015). tries ofSouth America (Colmenares-Garcia 2008, Huber et All specimens were identified using Beatty et al. (2008), & al. 1999), Africa (Huber et al. 1999, Huber Warui 2012, Irie (2001), Kim (1988), Huber in Nentwig et al. (2015) and Millot 1946),Asia (Beatty et al.2008, Huber et al. 1999,Irie Song et al. (1999). Three specimens (1<5 299) from Stutt- 2001, Kim 1988, Strickman et al. 1997,Yaginuma 1986) and gart-Untertürkheim were deposited in the collection of the from Australia (Huber et al. 1999). Consequently, C. lyoni is Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK, WSC listed in the as cosmopolitan (World Spider Catalog Bernhard A. Huber). Tie specimens from the Wilhelma 2015). C. lyoniwas repeatedly described under severaljunior Zoological-Botanical Garden Stuttgart are deposited at the Synonyms,mainlyin South America (Huber2009). Stuttgart State Museum ofNatural History (SMNS). TogetherwithPholcusphalangioid.es(Fuesslin,1775),Phol- cus opilionoides (Schrank, 1781), Holocnemuspluchei (Scopoli, Biology 1763), Psilochorussimoni (Berland, 1911), Spermophora kerin- C. lyoni(Figs. 1-7) has been observed at its two Stuttgart lo- ci (Hentz, 1841) and two yet undescribed Quamtana-species calities (a specialized reptile supply shop and a greenhouse (Huber et al. 2015), C. lyoniis the ninth species ofPholcidae of the Zoological-Botanical Garden Stuttgart) for over five recorded in Germany (Nentwig et al.2015). years. The average room temperature at the first location is 25-28 C, exceeding 30 °C on hot summer days only. Due Materialandmethods to water spraying in the terraria, the humidity of the air is Crossoprizalyoni(Blackwall, 1867) raised compared to the outside.The spiders build their webs 288 229 (private Collection G. Gabriel), 5.III.2010, 299, between or in terraria, among natural materials like roots or 21.IV.2010, lB, 24.1.2014 (private collection T. Bauer), 18 bamboo and in shelves filled with electrical equipment for 299, 10.XII.2015 (ZFMK), GERMANY, Baden-Württem- sale. Some specimens have even been observed living direct- berg, Stuttgart-Untertürkheim, Lindenfelsstraße, saleroom ly on the ceiling or next to fluorescent tubes. Juveniles and m ofa specialized reptile supply shop, 234 a.s.l, 48°47’9.0”N, adults can be found in high densities throughout the year. 9°14’58.5”E (WGS 84),MTB 7221,T.Bauerleg.,T.Bauer& Often spiders live close to each other, without any sign of G. Gabriel det.,partlyvid.B.A. Huber. aggression or cannibalistic behaviour. The species builds a 466622(SMNS1103-1108),28.11.2014,288499(SMNS large, irregulär tangle web with a vertical diameter ofup to 1205-1206), 18.11.2016, GERMANY, Baden-Württemberg, 90 cm. Our observations have shown that the spiders prey on different species of dipterans like members of Culicidae TobiasBAUER,Hattenbachweg12,70599Stuttgart,Germany; or Muscidae (especially in the summer) and small live food EI-nmgaoilW:EtNoDbTi,asS_tbaaatule.rM@uhostemuamilf.üdreNaturkundeStuttgart,Rosenstein1, (e.g.,larvae ofthe house cricketAchetadomesticus),which has 70191 Stuttgart,Germany;E-mail:[email protected] escaped from the display terraria.The prey is captured as de- J7o01a9c1hiSmtuHtOtLgaSrTtE,IGNe,rSmtaaantyl;.ME-umsaielu:mjofaücrhNiamt.uhroklusntdeienS@tsumtntgsa-rbtw,.Rdoesenstein1, scribed in Strickman et al. (1997). GuidoGABRIEL,Anspann57,08538Rodersdorf,Germany Sporadically, the webs and inhabiting spiders were remo- submitted19.12.2015,accepted24.3.2016,online30.4.2016 vedbythe shop ownerwith avacuum cleaner.In all cases,the CrossoprizalyoninewtoGermany 5 Figs1-3:Crossoprizalyoni(Blackwall, 1867)fromWilhelma(SMNS1205),Zoological-BotanicalGardenStuttgart.1.Femalewithegg-sac2.Female,ventral side(scaleline=5mm).3.Male(SMNS 1103) spider population recovered after some months. Other Spi- their ability to survive long transports even in shipping Con- der species which have been collected together with C. lyoni tainers (Kobelt&Nentwig2008).Thus,itseems possible that are Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802) and S. bipunctata some juveniles or even adults were imported together with (Linnaeus, 1758). In only one case, a single female ol Pholcus bamboo and could establish themselves in the permanently phalangioideswas found. heated and regularly moistened salesroom and other heated The second locality is a greenhouse in the Wilhelma, the rooms of the building. Bamboo is also used for decoration in Zoological-Botanical Garden of Stuttgart, which is used to terraria at the second location. breedinsectsforfeedingthe zoo animals.Average room tem- Interestingly, there is another, more conspicuous Connec- perature usually is at almost 40 °C but can reach 50 °C on tion between both locations. Some years ago, both received hot summer days. The spiders predominantly prey on snout feeder insects from the same breeder (Meiningpers.comm.). moths (Pyralidae) and occasionally on dipterans (Muscidae If C. lyoni could establish itself in a small breeding room of and Phoridae) and crickets Acheta domesticusand Gry/lusas- a zoological garden or the salesroom of a reptile supplyshop, (. similis). it seems verypossible that the species builds larger populati- Currently there is a stähle population of C. lyoni with ons in industrialbreeding stations,fromwhich it could easily some hundred specimens on average.The populationwas ori- spread to newlocations with deliveries of feeder insects. ginally discovered by the stafiFin 2010 due to its high abun- However, populations of this species seem to be extre- dance and its strikingly angled opisthosoma.The greenhouse mely resilient, since recovery after clean up only takes a few is furthermore inhabited by Thanatus vulgaris Simon, 1870, months. This is in accordance with Strickman et al. (1997), another introduced spider species (Jäger2002). who described adevelopmenttime ofonly80daysforspider- lingsfromleavingthe motheruntilcreatingtheirfirsteggsac, Discussion when fed ad libitum.Although the data represent laboratory A possible carrier for the inadvertent introduction ofC. lyoni results, the ability ofthe species to mature in less than three to the location in Stuttgart-Untertürkheim could have been months seems to enable the population to compensate for bamboo, which, according to the shop owner, was imported heavylosses in a short time. from tropical parts ofAsia. It is used for decoration in terra- riums and is storedlooselyin the salesroom for sale to Custo- mers. C. lyoniiswidespread inAsia (Chikuni 1989,Chrysan- thus 1967,Huberetal. 1999,Kim 1988,Strickmanetal. 1997, Yaginuma 1986) and many spiders in general are known for Figs 4-5: Crossoprizalyoni (Blackwall, 1867) (SMNS 1205); 4. Pedipalpus Figs6-7:Crossoprizalyoni(Blackwall, 1867)(incoli.Gabriel);6.Epigyne;7. retrolateral;5.Pedipalpusprolateral.Scaleline=1 mm Clearedvulva/epigynedorsal.Scaleline=1 mm 6 T.Bauer, I. Wendt,J.Holstein&G. Gabriel It is possible that C. lyoni is more widespread in similar Colmenares-GarciaPA2008Tresnuevosregistrosparalaaraneofauna habitats in Central Europe (e.g. greenhouses of other zoo- Venezolana(Arachnida,Araneae,Pholcidae).-BoletindelCentro liongitchaelpgaastr.deHnosw,etvreorpi,caalt ptlheanmtonmuresnertieCs.),lbyountiwcaasnnoovterbleocookne-d EdwdsaperiIddensrvseGsntBeigwa1ct9io9oF3nleosCrrBioidsoaslo(opAgrriiacznaaesaldeyeo:nlPiahaUonlncidivdeSarmese)ir.di-andgFoldpoeulrsiZdpuaallDilaeidp4ua2s:r:t8cm5ee-lln9a2tr sidered established in Germany in the sense of Ludwig et ofAgricultureandConsumerServices,DivisionofPlantIndustry, al. (2006), because besides the populations in Stuttgart no EntomologyCircular361: 1-2 MA furtherlocalities have been reported until now. Gonzalez-Sponga 2006 Aräcnidos de Venezuela. Un nuevo Tire type materialofC. lyonioriginates fromIndia(Black- generoycinconuevasespeciesdelafamiliaPholcidae (Araneae). wall 1867),where it was found in synanthropic habitats. Ne- -Sapien&s,RevistaUnWiversitäriade Investigaciön 7: 9-27 arly all other records where habitat data were mentioned by Heimer S N&entwig 1991 Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Paul Parey, the authors (e.g.,Beattye&tal.2008,Edwards 1993,Colmena- Hub1eIramBbAur2g009BeFroluirn.n5e4w3gpepn.eric and 14 newspecific synonymies res-Garcia2008,Huber Warui2012) come from buildings in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae and their surroundings. However, the putatively closest rela- (Araneae).-Zootaxa 1970: 64-68 tives ofC. lyoni C. maculipes (Spassky, 1934), C.johncloudsleyi Huber BA, Colmenares PA & Ramirez MJ 2014 Fourteen new Deeleman-Rein,hold & van Harten, 2001 and six yet unde- genericand ten newspecificsynonymies in Pholcidae (Araneae), scribedspecies,come from CentralAsiaandtheMiddle East, and transfer ofMystes Bristowe to Filistatidae.- Zootaxa 3847: so a tentative assumption about a possible origin of C. lyoni Hub4e1r3-B4A2,2D-eedolie:m1a0nT-1R6e4i6n/hzoolodtaCxaL.3&84P7e.r3e.z5-GonzälezA 1999The from an arearangingfrom eastAfricaand theMiddle Eastto spidergenus Crossopriza(Araneae,Pholcidae)intheNewWorld. north-western India can be made (Huber pers. comm.). -American Museum Novitates 3262: 1-10 Tire remaining species currently included in the genus 1 Iuber BA, Neumann J, Rehfeldt S, Grabolle A & Reiser N 2015 Crossopriza are restricted to Africa north ofthe Equator, the Backin Europe: Quamtanaspiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) in Ger- Arabian Peninsula and Central Asia (Huber 2009, Huber et many.-ArachnologischeMitteilungen50:51-56-doi: 10.5431/ palr.iz2a01n4i,grWeoscrelnds MSiplildoetr,C1a9t4a6l,odge2s0c1r5i)b.edTifrreoMmalaajguavsenyilCerosspseo-- IIuabrearmBitA50&0.7Warui CM 2012 East African pholcid spiders: an overview,with descriptions ofeightnewspecies (Araneae,Phol- cimen, is most probably a synonym oi C. lyoni, since there cidae).-EuropeanJournalofTaxonomy29: 1-44-doi: 10.5852/ are no other species known from Madagascar (Huber pers. ejt.2012.29 comm.). In conclusion, Crossopriza is clearly a subtropical IrieT2001 Notesonthepholcidspider,Crossoprizalyoni(Blackwall Old World genus and only C. lyoni has spread into the New 1867).-Kishidaia80: 7-20 World and Europe due to human activities in the last centu- Jäger P 2002 7hanatusvulgaris Simon, 1870 — einWeltenbummler ries and/or decades. (Araneae: Philodromidae). - Arachnologische Mitteilungen 23: 49-57-doi: 10.5431/aramit2305 Acknowledgements KimJP 1988 Onespeciesofgenus Crossopriza(Araneae:Pholcidae) WeareverygratefultothetearnofMeiningTerraristik,andespecially from SouthernAsia.-KoreanA&rachnology4: 35M-38 toThomas Meining,for their friendly Cooperation, for information Ludwig G, Haupt H, Gruttke 11 Binot-1lafke 2006 Metho- aboutthe location andpermission to collectspecimens.In the same dische Anleitungzur Erstellung Roter Listen gefährdeterTiere, waywewouldliketothankthestaff(NippenNöthen,HenryHiemer PflaMnze&n und Pilze.W-BfN-Skripten 191: 1-97 andWollReckhaus)oftheInsectHouseoftheWilhelmaZoological- Kobelt Nentwig 2008 Alien spiderintroduction supported BotanicalGardenStuttgart.Wewouldalsoliketothanktheteamof byglobal trade.- Diversity and Distribution 14: 273-280—doi: theGermanSpiderForum(spinnen-fomm.de)forhelpfrildiscussions. 10.1111/j.l472-4642.2007.00426.x SpecialthanksgotoTheoBlick(Hummeltal,Germany)forhisadvice MillotJ1946LespholcidesdeMadagascar(Araneides).-Memoires andpatienceduringthepreparationofthisarticle,toRainerBreitling du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris (N.S.) 22: 127-158 e(aUrnliiveerrsdriatfytosfoMfantchehemsatneurs,cUrniipttedanKdintogdBoemr)nhfaorrdheAl.pfHulubceormm(eZnFtsMKo,n NentwigW,BlickT,GloorD,HänggiA&KropfC2015 araneae- Germany) forinformation aboutthepossible synonymyofC. nigre- SpidersofEurope,Version2.2015.-Internet:http://www.araneae. scensand the possible native areaof C. lyoni. unibe.Wch (&15.02.2015M) Nentwig Kobelt 2010 Spiders (Araneae). 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