Crossing Boundaries: Ethnicity, Race, and National Belonging in a Transnational World

339 Pages·2013·4.536 MB·English

by  Brian D. Behnken and Simon Wendt (eds.)

Crossing Boundaries
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Crossing Boundaries
Ethnicity, Race,
and National Belonging
in a Transnational World
Edited by
Brian D. Behnken and Simon Wendt
LEXINGTON BOOKS
Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
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Published by Lexington Books
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Copyright © 2013 by Lexington Books
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available
ISBN 978-0-7391-8130-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-7391-8131-7 (electronic)
™
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Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
List of Illustrations vii
Introduction: Hybrid National Belonging and Identity in a
Transnational World 1
Simon Wendt and Brian D. Behnken
1 Politics of Belonging on a Caribbean Borderland:
The Colombian Islands of San Andrés and Providencia 19
Sharika D. Crawford
2 “To the Reconciliation of All Dominicans”: The Transnational
Trials of Dominican Exiles in the Trujillo Era 39
Charlton W. Yingling
3 Mexico’s American/America’s Mexican: Cross-border Flows of
Nationalism and Culture between the United States and Mexico 63
Brian D. Behnken
4 Nuestro USA?: Latino/as Making Home and Reimagining
Nation in the Heartland 83
Marta Maria Maldonado
5 Imperial Citizenship and the Origins of South African
Nationalism, 1902–1923 103
Charles V. Reed
6 “An African Nation in the Western Hemisphere”: The New
Afrikan Independence Movement and Black Transnational
Revolutionary Nationalism 123
Paul Karolczyk
v
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vi Contents
7 Transnational Ethnic Identities and Garinagu Political
Organizations in the Diaspora 141
Doris Garcia
8 Avoiding Vagabond Nationality: The Emergence of Ivoirité
in 1990s Côte d’Ivoire 161
Karen Morris
9 Russians in Manchuria: From Imperial to National Identity in
a Colonial and Semi-colonial Space 183
Frank Grü ner
10 Japan’s Race War: Transnational Dimensions of the Japanese
Occupation of the Philippines, 1942–1945 207
David C. Earhart
11 Creating a European Constitutional Monarchy for
Afghanistan: The Transnational Dynamics of Afghanistan’s
Constitutional Period 241
Kristina Benson
12 “So Tired of the Parts I had to Play”: Anna May Wong
and German Orientalism in the Weimar Republic 261
Pablo Dominguez Andersen
13 About “Thunderstorms of History” and a Society in Crisis:
Transnationalizing the Study of Ethnic Nationalism in
Southeastern Europe 285
Nenad Stefanov
14 Beyond the Straight State: On the Borderlands of Sexuality,
Ethnicity, and Nation in the United States and Europe 301
Kevin S. Amidon
Index 321
About the Contributors 327
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Illustrations
Photo 4.1 “Perry, Make Yourself at Home.” 87
Photo 4.2 Tienda Latina and the Latinization of Perry, Iowa. 90
Photo 9.1 Map of Manchuria. 185
Photo 9.2 Market in Harbin, China. 189
Photo 10.1 Japanese invade Philippines to “spread cheer.” 213
Photo 10.2 Japanese troops. 215
Photo 10.3 Captured British POW. 216
Photo 10.4 Ethnicized depiction of an “Indian snake charmer.” 219
Photo 10.5 Ethnicized depiction of Balinese woman. 220
Photo 10.6 Comparison of Japanese and Filipina women. 221
Photo 10.7 Simple life of Philippine fisherman. 224
Photo 10.8 Hyper nationalist depiction of Japanese industry. 225
Photo 10.9 “New Lifestyle School.” 228
Photo 10.10 “New Lifestyle School.” 229
Photo 10.11 Filipino dignitaries await arrival of Tojo. 230
Photo 10.12 Tojo visits the Philippines. 230
Photo 10.13 “Thanksgiving mass meeting.” 231
Photo 10.14 Chairman Vargas addresses “thanksgiving mass
meeting.” 232
Photo 12.1 Anna May Wong in Song. 268
Photo 12.2 Scene from Song. 276
Photo 14.1 Memorial to homosexuals persecuted in the Holo-
caust. 311
vii
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Introduction
Hybrid National Belonging and
Identity in a Transnational World
Simon Wendt and Brian D. Behnken
During World War II, Imperial Japan conquered vast swaths of territory in
the Pacific and East Asia. While it constituted a military and political type of
colonialism, Japanese leaders advertised their project of expansion as a form
of anti-colonialism and Pan-Asian nationalism. The Japanese Greater East
Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, the grandiloquent label given to this venture,
hardly sounded imperialistic. The Japanese infused their colonial ambitions
with variations of civic and ethnic nationalism, which became transnational-
ized when they spread beyond the territorial borders of the Japanese islands.
Moreover, they promised to spread a type of national belonging that would
draw all Asians into a shared civic culture. Their Co-Prosperity Sphere pur-
ported ideological, political, intellectual, social, economic, ethno-racial, and
even metaphysical qualities that crossed boundaries to link broad and hetero-
geneous peoples. In truth, however, the Japanese established imperial puppet
states that ended when World War II did.1
A few decades later, black activists in South Africa borrowed ideas that
were first voiced by Black Power activists in the United States to buttress
the anti-Apartheid movement. In particular, black South Africans in the
1960s and 1970s saw in the ethnic nationalism of Black Power a method of
uniting black South Africans, critiquing the Apartheid national government,
and broadening the larger civic nationalism of South Africa. This “Black
Consciousness” movement, as it was known, was also influenced by Black
Power notions of psycho-social rehabilitation, ethno-racial and cultural pride,
and community control. As historian George Fredrickson observes, through
this black transnationalism—what he calls “internationalism”—African
Americans and black South Africans “influenced each other and also re-
sponded creatively to the same ideologies and movements, some specifically
Pan-African and others anti-imperialist.” In South Africa, the goals of Black
1
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