Crossed-field Microwave Device. Principal Types of Crossed-Field Devices Analysis of Oscillator system Performances Regional Progress and Trends

648 Pages·1961·11.383 MB·English

by  G. Mourier (Eds.)

GROSSED-FIELD MICROWAVE DEVICES
Volume I
Principal Elements of
Crossed-Field Devices
Volume II
Principal Types of
Crossed-Field Devices
Analysis of Oscillator
System Performance
Regional Progress and Trends
CROSSED-FIELD
MICROWAVE DEVICES
Editor in Chief
E. OKRESS
Sperry Gyroscope Company
Great Neck, New York
Editors
G. MOURIER
Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie Sans Fil
Domaine de Corbeville, Orsoy (Seine-et-Oise), France
J. FEINSTEIN
S-F-D Laboratories, Inc., Union, New Jersey
E. KETTLEWELL
General Electric Co. Lid., Wembley, England
Assistant Editor
G. R. FEASTER
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Elmira, New York
Volume I
Principal Elements
of Crossed-Field Devices
1961
ACADEMIC PRESS
New York and London
COPYRIGHT © 1961, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM
BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS,
WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS.
ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
Ill FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK 3, Ν. Y.
United Kingdom Edition
Published by
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
17 OLD QUEEN STREET, LONDON S.W. 1
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 60-1/^70
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Contributors to Volume I
J. ARNAUD, Division Tubes Electroniques, Centre d'Etudes Physiques
Electroniques et Corpusculaires, Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie
Sans Fil, Domaine de Corbeville, Orsay (Seine-et-Oise), France.
Pages 17, 35, 47, 99.
J. A. BRADSHAW, Research Laboratories, General Electric Company,
Schenectady, New York. Page 261.
0. BUNEMAN, Electronics Research Laboratories, Stanford University,
Stanford, California. Pages 209, 367.
0. DOEHLER, Division Tubes Electroniques, Centre d'Etudes Physiques
Electroniques et Corpusculaires, Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie
Sans Fil, Domaine de Corbeville, Orsay (Seine-et-Oise), France.
Page 151.
ROBERT DUNSMUIR, Research Laboratory, Associated Electrical Industries
(Rugby), Ltd., Rugby, Warwickshire, England. Page 608.
G. R. FEASTER, Electronic Tube Division, Westinghouse Electric Corpo­
ration, Elmira, New York. Pages 113, 115, 124.
J. FEINSTEIN, S-F-D Laboratories, Inc., Union, New Jersey *
Pages 528, 554.
G. B. GAINES, Solid State Devices Division, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, Ohio. Page 115.
OM P. GANDHI, Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.** Page 439.
D. L. GOLDWATER, Bartol Research Foundation, Franklin Institute,
Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Page 115.
W. R. HAYTER, JR., Microwave Engineering Department, Electronic Tube
Division, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Elmira, New York.
Pages 115, 124.
GUNNAR Ηοκ, Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Page 235.
JOSEPH F. HULL, Microwave Engineering, Electron Tube Division, Litton
Industries, San Carlos, California. Pages 496, 580.
R. L. JEPSEN, Central Research, Varian Associates, Palo Alto, California.
Pages 251, 359.
G. S. KINO, Microwave Laboratory, W. W. Hansen Laboratories of Phys­
ics, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Pages 164, 528.
* Previous address: Bell Telephone Laboratories.
**Present address: Philco Research Center, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania.
vi CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME I
J. T. LAW, Valve Laboratories, Ferranti Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland*
Page 124.
C. P. LEA-WILSON, Services Electronics Research Laboratory Extension,
(Admiralty), Harlow, Essex, England. Page 124.
R. R. MOATS, Sylvania Electric Products Inc., Mountain View Compo­
nents Laboratory, Mountain View, California. Page 69.
A. J. MONK, Services Electronics Research Laboratory Extension, (Ad­
miralty) , Harlow, Essex, England. Page 124.
G. MOURIER, Division Tubes Electroniques, Centre dfEtudes Physiques
Electroniques et Corpusculaires, Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie
Sans Fil, Domaine de Corbeville, Orsay (Seine-et-Oise), France.
Pages 1, 395, 433.
MASAO NISHIMAKI, Research Laboratory of Precision Machinery and
Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Pages 105, 596.
G. NOVICK, Power Tube Department, General Electric Company, Palo
Alto, California.** Page 580.
S. OKAMURA, Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Page 319.
E. OKRESS, Research Department, Electronic Tube Division, Sperry Gyro­
scope Company, Great Neck, Long Island, New York.*** Page 1.
JOHN M. OSEPCHUK, Spencer Laboratory, Raytheon Company, Burling­
ton, Massachusetts. Page 275.
M. C. PEASE, Electron Devices Laboratory, Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, California. Pages 87, 141.
JOSEPH E. ROWE, Department of Electrical Engineering, The University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Page 439.
JAMES W. SEDIN, Watkins Johnson Company, Stanford Industrial Park,
Palo Alto, California. Page 541.
T. SHIMIZU, Electron Tube Engineering Division, Tokyo Shibaura Elec­
tric Company, Kawasaki-City, Japan. Page 589.
G. D. SIMS, Electrical Engineering Department, University College, Lon­
don, England. Page 179.
T. VAN DUZER, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cali­
fornia, Berkeley, California. Page 327.
J. R. WHINNERY, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California. Page 327.
* Present address: Electronic Tube Division, Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
Elmira, New York.
**Present address: Electronics Division, Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
Baltimore, Maryland.
***Previous address: Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
Foreword
Since the wartime account of activities in the United States contained
in the book "Microwave Magnetrons" was published, new developments
have taken place in crossed-field tubes. Previous efforts had of necessity-
been channeled in a fairly well defined direction, obtaining powerful,
efficient, and clean oscillators for radar, and consequently had led to a
specific type of tube—the magnetron. Subsequent developments, however,
were highly diversified and consequently led to a wide variety of tubes:
electronically tunable oscillators, wide band amplifiers, as well as im­
proved versions of the early magnetron. At the same time, our under­
standing of the complicated physical phenomena which take place in
crossed-field devices progressed steadily, this progress being due partly
to the fact that the analysis was applied to structures substantially dif­
ferent from that of the magnetron, and in many respects easier to handle
theoretically.
Because of all these advances many felt the need for a new book bring­
ing the subject up to date. Such a book could only be written by a num­
ber of authors. This project was initiated and directed by E. Okress and
was encouraged by a number of other specialists in the field and, in par­
ticular, by W. Dow and W. Willshaw. Ε. Okress solicited the editorial
staff and authors in collaboration with E. Kettlewell and G. Mourier.
Subsequently, J. Feinstein and G. Feaster joined this group. It was desired
to encompass all aspects from fundamental physical phenomena to
technology, and to characteristics which are important to the applica­
tions engineer. It was desirable that the book should have an inter­
national character. Then a joint effort would be necessary to order
and to some extent bind together the numerous and sometimes contra­
dictory papers. It was also decided to include a final chapter on "Prog­
ress and Trends" in different countries, since the subject matter has not
yet reached its definitive state in most cases. These aims proved difficult
to attain. The number of authors and the geographical distance between
them, the fact that more than two people were practically never to­
gether to discuss the project, made it very difficult to bring unity to the
different portions of the manuscript.
If restrictions in the disclosure and circulation of scientific informa­
tion in this field have to some extent limited the scope of the book, the
vii
viii FOREWORD
present volumes nevertheless contain a large part of what can be offered
today to a student or to an investigator. It is hoped that they will provide
a basis for further progress in applications, as well as in research in this
field, and that they will be of help in developing efficient tools for micro­
wave power generation and amplification.
Centre de Physique Electronique
et C orpusculaire
de la Compagnie Generale de T.S.F.
Pans, France
R. R. WARNECKE
Director
Preface
The number of physicists and engineers working on problems and
publishing their results on crossed-field devices has been increasing since
World War II. In contrast, the number of books on this subject is ex­
tremely limited and quite out of date. This book aims, therefore, to sum­
marize the progress and state of the art of crossed-field microwave devices
in theory and practice.
The modern (1940) magnetron and its derivatives have been a major
component for radar operation since its introduction by the British and
subsequent high degree of development primarily by the Americans and
British during World War II. The French also made direct contributions.
Significant contributions to it and its derivatives are also to be attributed
to the Russians, Japanese, Germans, and Dutch. Because of its high
efficiency, low impedance, simplicity, and light weight it will probably
continue to satisfy many applications for some considerable time. How­
ever, the newer radar techniques require the use of amplifiers, so that
high power pulsed amplifiers had to be made available. Of these, the
crossed-field amplifiers, such as the Platinotrons and TPOM's are now
in competition with the klystron and conventional traveling wave tube.
The progress of crossed-field microwave devices has been remarkable
during the past several years. The most striking new developments have
been the magnetron amplifiers and electronically tunable and highly
stabilized oscillators. A number of ingenious variants on a theme have
also been developed in an endeavor to meet the continuing demand for
more and more specialized operational requirements, and to broaden
the areas where crossed-field tubes could find application. There has
been a considerable increase in the detailed understanding of crossed-
field operation, and many of the devices from the design point of view
have now reached the stage the triode and general space charge control
tubes reached many years ago. The contents of this book make it quite
clear, however, that there still remains much to be done. A satisfactory
large signal theory is still noticeably lacking, even in the relatively older
tubes such as the magnetron. Steady state behavior and noise performance
are far from being fully understood. Generation of noise in crossed-field
beams remains a difficult subject, and this lack of understanding imposes
limitations, for example, on gun design for linear injection systems. The
newer tubes have required a new thinking constructionally, and this has
ix
χ PREFACE
led inevitably to a new technology. Materials and processes unknown
in the earlier magnetrons are now commonplace for this new generation
of crossed-field devices.
Circumstances associated with the preparation of this book produced
special problems. The time available was brief considering the amount
and complexity of the topics to be covered on a part-time basis by the
authors. Furthermore, the availability of qualified physicists and engin­
eers active in the field was not satisfied to the extent desired, primarily
due to the time element. To complete this formidable task in the most
expeditious manner, E. Okress, G. Mourier, E. Kettlewell, and J. Feinstein
edited the crossed-field topics of the book, while G. Feaster edited the
cathode topic. Even so, the book is not as consistent in style and level
of presentation as was desired. It is hoped that the readers will not be
unduly inconvenienced by these departures in return for the information
made available to them by the active members of this lively and diversi­
fied field.
It was also appreciated that although crossed-field devices were de­
veloped for use primarily in radar systems, their importance to science
and engineering is much broader. Thus, the topics for the book were
evaluated primarily in terms of their possible future usefulness. The
uncertainty of this objective resulted in a tendency to include the maxi­
mum of the available literature rather than only the most important.
The scope of the book is dictated by the premise that information
necessary for the design of various crossed-field devices be included.
As a result, the character of the chapters and sections ranges from de­
tailed theory of the various aspects of crossed-field device operation to
the details of "hardware" in many instances. This last aspect has
unfortunately not received the emphasis that it deserves. An introductory
chapter briefly reviews the highlights of both the prior and present state
of the art of crossed-field devices, and includes elementary principles of
operation in order to orient the reader unfamiliar with the subject.
Except for the introduction, the topics are arranged so that, in general,
theory precedes practical considerations. Because most of the recent de­
velopments of crossed-field devices have not dealt with the magnetron
itself, but with the newer types such as the magnetron amplifiers and
electronically tunable wide band oscillators, these topics occupy a sub­
stantial part of the book. Omissions, such as the magnetron in the roles
of power rectifier,* plasma oscillator,f thermionic engine,:): etc., were
* Reports on Contract AF-33-(616)-7378.
t Reports on contracts DA-36-039-sc-73188, DA-36-039-sc-71053, and DA-3-039-
sc-5548.
t G. N. Hatsopoulos and J. A. Welsh, M.I.T. Doctoral Theses of May 1956 and
May 1959, respectively. Also "Direct Conversion of Heat to Electricity," Ed. J. Kay
and J. A. Welsh, Chapter 5, Wiley, New York, 1960.
PREFACE xi
bound to occur for various reasons, not the least of which included their
premature state of development.
The primary object of the book is to enable the student, as well as the
professional physicist and engineer, to understand the fundamentals of
all existing important types of crossed-field devices, to perceive the prob­
lems posed by each element of the devices in practice as well as in theory,
to know the essentials about the means available to solve these problems,
and so to approach the design of such devices. The book also indicates
what phenomena are not well understood, and discusses the character­
istics of each type that are important for applications.
A great deal of the material of this book originated in industrial con­
cerns, primarily in the United States, France, and England, and at uni­
versities in the United States and England.
In conclusion, the editors wish to emphasize that a book of this mag­
nitude could not have been prepared without the whole hearted coopera­
tion and industry of all the authors. It is appropriate to also mention
that significant stimulus to this project was rendered by R. R. Warnecke,
W. E. Willshaw, and W. G. Dow. The editors are also under great obliga­
tion to the staff of Academic Press for their help and care in the intricate
printing.
May, 1961 THE EDITORS