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Cross-Cultural Psychology ThissecondeditionofthebestsellingtextbookCross-CulturalPsychology has been substantially revised to provide the student with the most comprehensive overview of cross-cultural psychology available in one volume.Theteamofinternationallyacclaimedauthorshaveincludedthe most up-to-date research in the field, and written two new chapters on language and on emotion. Within a universalist framework the book emphasizes not only research on basic processes and theory, but also methodology and applications of cross-cultural psychology with respect to acculturation, organizational processes, communication, health, and national development. The new format of the book is designed to make itevenmoreaccessibleandreader-friendly,andincludeschapteroutlines, chaptersummaries,furtherreading,andaglossaryofkeyterms. Cross-Cultural Psychology Research and Applications SECOND EDITION JOHNW. BERRY Queen’s University Kingston,Ontario,Canada YPE H. POORTINGA TilburgUniversity Tilburg,TheNetherlands MARSHALL H. SEGALL SyracuseUniversity Syracuse,NewYork,USA PIERRE R. DASEN UniversityofGeneva Geneva,Switzerland    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521641524 © John W. Berry, Ype H. Poortings, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2002 - ---- eBook (NetLibrary) - --- eBook (NetLibrary) - ---- hardback - --- hardback - ---- paperback - --- paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Dedicated to our partners in life Contents List of figures page xii List of tables xiv Foreword by Gustav Jahoda xv Preface to the first edition xvii Preface to the second edition and acknowledgments xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Introduction to cross-cultural psychology 1 What is cross-cultural psychology? 1 Goals of cross-cultural psychology 3 Relationships with other disciplines 5 Ethnocentrism in psychology 8 A general framework for cross-cultural psychology 10 Conclusions 14 Key terms 15 Further reading 15 Part I Similarities and differences in behavior across cultures 2 Cultural transmission and individual development 19 Cultural and biological transmission 20 Early development and caretaking 21 Enculturation and socialization 29 Adolescence 39 Moral development 39 Conceptualizations of development 44 Conclusions 49 Key terms 50 Further reading 50 3 Social behavior 52 Sociocultural context 53 Conformity 57 Values 59 Individualism and collectivism 65 viii Contents Social cognition 71 Gender behavior 73 Conclusions 84 Key terms 84 Further reading 84 4 Personality 86 Traits across cultures 87 Self in social context 100 Conceptions of the person 104 Altered states of consciousness 109 Conclusions 113 Key terms 113 Further reading 113 5 Cognition 114 General intelligence 115 Genetic epistemology 131 Cognitive styles 137 Contextualized cognition 143 Conclusions 145 Key terms 146 Further reading 146 6 Language 147 Language development 147 Linguistic relativity 149 Universals in language 165 Bilingualism 168 Conclusions 170 Key terms 171 Further reading 171 7 Emotion 172 Understanding “others” 173 Universality of emotions 176 Emotions as cultural states 185 Componential approaches 188 Conclusions 194 Key terms 195 Further reading 195 8 Perception 196 Historical roots 197 Sensory functions 199 Contents ix Perception of patterns and pictures 202 Face recognition 214 Psychological esthetics 216 Conclusions 220 Key terms 221 Further reading 221 Part II Pursuing relationships between behavior and culture: research strategies 9 Approaches from cultural anthropology 225 Conceptions of culture 225 Ethnography 233 Psychological anthropology 241 Cognitive anthropology 249 Conclusions 253 Key terms 253 Further reading 253 10 Biology and culture 255 Evolution and adaptation 255 Behavior genetics 265 Ethology 271 Models of cultural transmission 280 Conclusions 283 Key terms 284 Further reading 284 11 Methodological concerns 286 Qualitative methodology 287 Designing culture-comparative studies 294 Psychological data in cultural context 301 Analysis of equivalence 304 Classification of inferences 312 Conclusions 315 Key terms 315 Further reading 315 12 Theoretical issues in cross-cultural psychology 317 Inferred antecedents 320 Absolutism, relativism, and universalism 324 Conceptualizations of behavior–culture relationships 328 Beyond current controversies? 336