C W R C ROP ILD ELATIVE ONSERVATION U AND SE This page intentionally left blank C W R ROP ILD ELATIVE C U ONSERVATION AND SE Edited by N. Maxted, J.M. Iriondo, School of Biosciences, Area de Biodiversidad y University of Birmingham, Conservación, ESCET, Edgbaston, Birmingham, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, B15 2TT, UK. c/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain. B.V. Ford-Lloyd, E. Dulloo, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Bioversity International, Edgbaston, Birmingham, Maccarese 00057, Rome, B15 2TT, UK. Italy. S.P. Kell, and School of Biosciences, J. Turok, University of Birmingham, Bioversity International, Edgbaston, Birmingham, Maccarese 00057, Rome, Italy. B15 2TT, UK. CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org ©CAB International 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crop wild relative conservation and use / edited by N. Maxted … [et al.]. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-84593-099-8 (alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-84593-307-4 (ebook) 1. Crops--Germplasm resources. 2. Germplasm resources, Plant. 3. Genetic resources conservation. I. Maxted, Nigel. II. Title. SB123. 3. C768 2007 333. 95' 34--dc22 2007017714 ISBN 978 1 84593 099 8 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors xi Jack Hawkes: Plant Collector, Researcher, xviii Mentor and Visionary Preface xxi Foreword xxiii Acknowledgements xxvii Part I Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use: an Overview 1 Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use: 3 Establishing the Context N. Maxted, S.P. Kell and B.V. Ford-Lloyd 2 Addressing the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of 31 Crop Wild Relatives: the International Policy Context N. Azzu and L. Collette 3 Crop Wild Relatives: Putting Information in a European 49 Policy Context D. Richard, G. Augusto, D. Evans and G. Loïs 4 Crop Wild Relatives in Armenia: Diversity, Legislation and 58 Conservation Issues A. Avagyan v vi Contents Part II Establishing Inventories and Conservation Priorities 5 Crops and Wild Relatives of the Euro-Mediterranean Region: 69 Making and Using a Conservation Catalogue S.P. Kell, H. Knüpffer, S.L. Jury, B.V. Ford-Lloyd and N. Maxted 6 Establishing Conservation Priorities for Crop Wild 110 Relatives B. Ford-Lloyd, S.P. Kell and N. Maxted 7 Creation of a National Crop Wild Relative Strategy: 120 a Case Study for the United Kingdom M. Scholten, N. Maxted, S.P. Kell and B.V. Ford-Lloyd 8 National Crop Wild Relative In Situ Conservation 143 Strategy for Russia T.N. Smekalova 9 Diversity and Conservation Needs of Crop Wild Relatives 152 in Finland H. Korpelainen, S. Takaluoma, M. Pohjamo and J. Helenius 10 Crop Wild Relatives in the Netherlands: Actors and 165 Protection Measures R. Hoekstra, M.G.P. van Veller and B. Odé 11 European Forest Genetic Resources: Status of Current 178 Knowledge and Conservation Priorities F. Lefèvre, E. Collin, B.De Cuyper, B. Fady, J. Koskela, J. Turok and G. von Wühlisch 12 Using GIS Models to Locate Potential Sites for Wheat 195 Wild Relative Conservation in the Palestinian Authority Areas S. Allahham and H. Hasasneh Part III Threat and Conservation Assessment 13 IUCN Red Listing of Crop Wild Relatives: is a National 211 Approach as Diffi cult as Some Think? J. Magos Brehm, M. Mitchell, N. Maxted, B.V. Ford-Lloyd and M.A. Martins-Loução 14 Traditional Farming Systems in South-eastern Turkey: 243 the Imperative of In Situ Conservation of Endangered Wild Annual Cicer Species S. Abbo, C. Can, S. Lev-Yadun and M. Ozaslan Contents vii 15 Ecogeographical Representativeness in Crop Wild Relative 249 Ex Situ Collections M. Parra-Quijano, D. Draper, E. Torres and J.M. Iriondo Part IV Genetic Erosion and Genetic Pollution 16 Genetic Erosion and Genetic Pollution of Crop Wild 277 Relatives: the PGR Forum Perspective and Achievements E. Bettencourt, B.V. Ford-Lloyd and S. Dias 17 Assessing the Potential for Ecological Harm from Gene 287 Flow to Crop Wild Relatives M.J. Wilkinson and C.S. Ford 18 Reciprocal Introgression between Wild and Cultivated 296 Peach Palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Arecaceae) in Western Ecuador J.-C. Pintaud, T.L.P. Couvreur, C. Lara, B. Ludeña and J.-L. Pham 19 Impoverishment of the Gene Pool of the 309 Genus Aegilops L. in Armenia M. Harutyunyan, A. Avagyan and M. Hovhannisyan Part V In Situ Conservation 20 Crop Wild Relative In Situ Management and Monitoring: 319 the Time Has Come J.M. Iriondo and L. De Hond 21 Does Agriculture Confl ict with In Situ Conservation? 331 a Case Study on the Use of Wild Relatives by Yam Farmers in Benin N. Scarcelli, S. Tostain, M.N. Baco, C. Agbangla, O. Daïnou, Y. Vigouroux and J.L. Pham 22 Management Plans for Promoting In Situ Conservation of 340 Local Agrobiodiversity in the West Asia Centre of Plant Diversity N. Al-Atawneh, A. Amri, R. Assi and N. Maxted 23 In Situ Conservation Strategy for Wild Lima Bean 364 (Phaseolus lunatus L.) Populations in the Central Valley of Costa Rica: a Case Study of Short-lived Perennial Plants with a Mixed Mating System J.-P. Baudoin, O.J. Rocha, J. Degreef, I. Zoro Bi, M. Ouédraogo, L. Guarino and A. Toussaint viii Contents 24 Population Performance of Arnica montana L. in 380 Different Habitats . J. Radušiene and J. Labokas 25 A Designated Nature Reserve for In Situ Conservation 389 of Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccoides (Körn.) Aaronsohn) in Northern Israel D. Kaplan 26 Integrating Wild Plants and Landrace Conservation 394 in Farming Systems: a Perspective from Italy V. Negri, F. Branca and G. Castellini Part VI Ex Situ Conservation 27 Ex Situ Conservation of Wild Species: Services Provided 407 by Botanic Gardens P.P. Smith 28 Conservation of Spanish Wild Oats: Avena canariensis, 413 A. prostrata and A. murphyi P. García, L.E. Sáenz de Miera, F.J. Vences, M. Benchacho and M. Pérez de la Vega 29 Analysis of Wild Lactuca Gene Bank Accessions and 429 Implications for Wild Species Conservation T.S. Rajicic and K.J. Dehmer 30 The Role of Botanic Gardens in the Conservation of 437 Crop Wild Relatives S. Sharrock and D. Wyse-Jackson 31 A National Italian Network to Improve Seed Conservation 443 of Wild Native Species (‘RIBES’) C. Bonomi, G. Rossi and G. Bedini 32 Linking In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation with 450 Use of Crop Wild Relatives N. Maxted and S.P. Kell Part VII Information Management 33 CWRIS: an Information Management System to Aid Crop 471 Wild Relative Conservation and Sustainable Use S.P. Kell, J.D. Moore, J.M. Iriondo, M.A. Scholten, B.V. Ford-Lloyd and N. Maxted 34 Crop Wild Relatives in the ECPGR Central Crop Databases: 492 a Case Study in Beta L. and Avena L. C.U. Germeier and L. Frese Contents ix 35 Crop Wild Relative Information: Developing a Tool for its 504 Management and Use I. Thormann, A. Lane, K. Durah, M.E. Dulloo and S. Gaiji 36 Managing Passport Data Associated with Seed Collections 513 from Wild Populations: Increasing Potential for Conservation and Use of Crop Wild Relatives in Israel R. Hadas, A. Sirota, M. Agami and A. Horovitz 37 Some Thoughts on Sources of News about Crop 521 Wild Relatives L. Guarino Part VIII Gene Donors for Crop Improvement 38 Using Crop Wild Relatives for Crop Improvement: 535 Trends and Perspectives T. Hodgkin and R. Hajjar 39 The Secondary Gene Pool of Barley as Gene Donors for 549 Crop Improvement M. Scholz, B. Ruge-Wehling, A. Habekuß, G. Pendinen, O. Schrader, K. Flath, E. Große and P. Wehling 40 Exploitation of Wild Cereals for Wheat Improvement in the 556 Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement E. Millet, J. Manisterski and P. Ben-Yehuda 41 Using Crop Wild Relatives as Sources of Useful Genes 566 G. Sonnante and D. Pignone 42 Genetic Systems and the Conservation of Wild Relatives 577 of Crops D. Zohary Part IX Use of Crop Wild Relatives and Underutilized Species 43 The Use and Economic Potential of Wild Species: 585 an Overview V.H. Heywood 44 Minor Crops and Underutilized Species: Lessons and 605 Prospects S. Padulosi, I. Hoeschle-Zeledon and P. Bordoni 45 Conservation and Use of Wild-harvested Medicinal Plants 625 in Sri Lanka R.S.S. Ratnayake and C.S. Kariyawasam x Contents 46 Use of Wild Plant Species: the Market Perspective 632 S. Curtis 47 Linking Conservation with Sustainable Use: Quercus 638 ilex subsp. rotundifolia (Lam) O. Schwarz in Traditional Agro-sylvo-pastoral Systems in Southern Portugal C.M. Sousa-Correia, J.M. Abreu, S. Ferreira-Dias, J.C. Rodrigues, A. Alves, N. Maxted and B.V. Ford-Lloyd Part X Global Issues in Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use 48 The Crop Wild Relative Specialist Group of the IUCN 651 Species Survival Commission M.E. Dulloo and N. Maxted 49 Towards a Global Strategy for the Conservation and 657 Use of Crop Wild Relatives V.H. Heywood, S.P. Kell and N. Maxted Index 667