Crop production and crop protection: estimated losses in major food and cash crops

829 Pages·1994·23.293 MB·English

by  E -C Oerke

Crop Production
and Crop Protection
This page intentionally left blank
CROP PRODUCTION
AND
CROP PROTECTION
ESTIMATED LOSSES IN MAJOR
FOOD AND CASH CROPS
E-C. OERKE
Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten, Universität Bonn,
Nußallee 9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
H-W. DEHNE
Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten, Universität Bonn,
Nußallee 9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
F. SCHÖNBECK
Institut für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz,
Universität Hannover,
Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
Α. WEBER
Institut für Agrarpolitik, Christian-Albrechts-Univ ersität,
Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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First edition 1994
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Contents
xiii
List of abbreviations
Biographies of authors xv
xvii
Acknowledgements
Preface xx
Chapter 1: Population growth, agricultural production and food supplies 1
by Adolf Weber
1 Introduction 1
2 Agricultural resources and their use 1
2.1 Population growth 1
2.1.1 Acceleration of population growth 1
2.1.2 Statistics and history of population growth 3
2.1.3 Projections of population growth 5
2.1.4 Expanding populations consume more resources 7
2.2 Food supply worldwide 8
2.2.1 Normal requirements and projections 8
2.2.2 Levels of nutrition in individual countries 9
2.3 Agricultural production - global, continental and national 12
potentials
2.3.1 Potential global production 12
2.3.2 Limits and constraints 14
2.3.3 Potential yields in individual countries 15
2.3.4 Present production relative to potential yields 17
2.4 Ways of expanding food production 17
2.5 Risks in cultivating and irrigating more land 22
3 Implications of rapid population growth for agricultural policy 24
3.1 The role and priority of the agricultural sector in 24
developing countries
3.2 Aims and problems of agricultural policy in developing 26
countries
ν
Contents
3.3 The contribution of land-saving advances in technology 29
to growth
3.3.1 Chemical fertilizers 29
3.3.2 Plant breeding 32
3.3.3 Crop protection 34
3.4 The economics of crop protection 37
4 Priorities in perspective 40
4.1 Present concerns and outlook into a distant future 40
4.2 Acceptance and perceived risks of crop protection 42
5 References 42
Chapter 2: Crop protection - past and present 45
by Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne and Fritz Schönbeck
1 Introduction 45
2 Changes in crop production 46
2.1 Cultivation techniques and crop rotation 46
2.2 Plant nutrition and soil fertility 48
2.3 Plant breeding 49
3 The development of pest control 52
3.1 Changes in the incidence and importance of pathogens, 52
animal pests and weeds
3.2 Development of chemical control 53
3.2.1 Chemical pesticides 53
3.2.2 Implications 62
3.3 Biological and integrated control 65
4 Challenges to phytomedicine and pest control 68
5 References 70
Chapter 3: Estimated crop losses due to pathogens, animal pests 72
and weeds
by Erich-Christian Oerke
1 Data sources and data analysis 72
1.1 Problems in compiling the data 72
1.2 General approach to current data compilation 74
1.3 Definitions and nomenclature 75
1.3.1 Definitions 75
1.3.2 Nomenclature and conversion factors 78
1.4 Data sources 79
vi
Contents
1.5 Data analysis 80
1.5.1 Crop loss data 80
1.5.2 Calculation of yield and production levels and 82
production losses
1.5.3 Analysis of the trials data 83
1.6 Mode of operation and presentation of production and 83
loss data: Indian case study
1.7 Conclusions 88
1.8 References 88
2 Estimated crop losses in rice 89
2.1 Cultivation, production and crop protection 89
2.2 Crop losses in Africa 99
2.2.1 West Africa 99
2.2.2 Eastern and Southern Africa 104
2.2.3 Conclusion 105
2.3 Crop losses in America 106
2.3.1 North America 106
2.3.2 Latin America 111
2.3.3 Conclusion 115
2.4 Crop losses in Asia 115
2.4.1 Near East 117
2.4.2 South Asia 117
2.4.3 South-East Asia 133
2.4.4 East Asia 145
2.4.5 Conclusion 152
2.5 Crop losses in Europe and the U.S.S.R. 154
2.6 Crop losses in Oceania 156
2.7 Overall summary of losses in rice production 157
2.8 References 163
3 Estimated crop losses in wheat 179
3.1 Cultivation, production and crop protection 179
3.2 Crop losses in Africa 188
3.2.1 North Africa 188
3.2.2 Eastern, Western and Southern Africa 193
3.2.3 Conclusion 194
3.3 Crop losses in America 196
3.3.1 North America 196
3.3.2 Latin America 211
3.3.3 Conclusion 217
3.4 Crop losses in Asia 218
vii
Contents
3.4.1 Near East 218
3.4.2 South Asia 223
3.4.3 East Asia 228
3.4.4 Conclusion 228
3.5 Crop losses in Europe and the U.S.S.R. 229
3.5.1 Northern Europe 230
3.5.2 Western and Central Europe 235
3.5.3 Southern Europe 253
3.5.4 Eastern and South-East Europe 255
3.5.5 U.S.S.R. 259
3.5.6 Conclusion 262
3.6 Crop losses in Oceania 263
3.6.1 Conclusion 268
3.7 Overall summary of losses in wheat production 269
3.8 References 275
4 Estimated crop losses in barley 297
4.1 Cultivation, production and crop protection 297
4.2 Crop losses in Africa 300
4.2.1 North Africa 302
4.2.2 East Africa and South Africa 303
4.2.3 Conclusion 304
4.3 Crop losses in the Americas 305
4.3.1 North America 305
4.3.2 Latin America 313
4.3.3 Conclusion 314
4.4 Crop losses in Asia 314
4.4.1 Near East 314
4.4.2 South and East Asia 318
4.4.3 Conclusion 319
4.5 Crop losses in Europe and the U.S.S.R. 319
4.5.1 Northern Europe 322
4.5.2 Western and Central Europe 324
4.5.3 Southern Europe 337
4.5.4 Eastern and South-East Europe 338
4.5.5 U.S.S.R. 340
4.5.6 Conclusion 341
4.6 Crop losses in Oceania 342
4.7 Overall summary of losses in barley production 345
4.8 References 351
5 Estimated crop losses in maize 364
5.1 Cultivation, production and crop protection 364
viii
Contents
5.2 Crop losses in Africa 372
5.2.1 West Africa 377
5.2.2 North-East Africa 381
5.2.3 East and Southern Africa 382
5.2.4 Conclusion 386
5.3 Crop losses in America 387
5.3.1 North America 387
5.3.2 Central America 401
5.3.3 South America 405
5.3.4 Conclusion 407
5.4 Crop losses in Asia 408
5.4.1 Near East 409
5.4.2 South Asia 409
5.4.3 South-East Asia 415
5.4.4 East Asia 417
5.4.5 Conclusion 418
5.5 Crop losses in Europe and the U.S.S.R. 419
5.5.1 Western and Central Europe 419
5.5.2 Southern Europe 424
5.5.3 Eastern and South-East Europe 424
5.5.4 U.S.S.R. 426
5.5.5 Conclusion 427
5.6 Crop losses in Oceania 428
5.7 Overall summary of losses in maize production 430
5.8 References 436
Estimated 1 crop losses in potatoes 450
6.1 Cultivation, production and crop protection 450
6.2 Crop losses in Africa 460
6.2.1 North Africa 460
6.2.2 East and Southern Africa 464
6.2.3 Conclusion 465
6.3 Crop losses in America 466
6.3.1 North America 466
6.3.2 Central and South America 479
6.3.3 Conclusion 483
6.4 Crop losses in Asia 484
6.4.1 Near East 484
6.4.2 South Asia 485
6.4.3 South-East Asia 492
6.4.4 East Asia 493
6.4.5 Conclusion 493
ix