Crop Post-Harvest: Volume 3 Perishabls-04

286 Pages·2012·6.806 MB·English

by  Debbie Rees, Graham Farrell, John Orchard

Pineapple 155
must fruits fected efThe urn. sunbent vpreto maturing fruits In: general. pineapple: The (1971) G.G. Dull, hemistry BiocThe
to order in of disposed safely and noticed as soon as cut be of ruits Fand Their oductsPr , ol. v2 (ed. A.C. Hulme), pp.
ent contamination of other fruits.vpre Academic Press, London.303(cid:133)331.
Dull, G.G., oung, YR.E. & Biale, J.B. (1967) Respiratory
patterns in fruit of pineapple, Ananas comosus , detached at
Boiled fruit
ferent difstages of elopment. vde gia PhysioloPlantarum ,
y cneculsnart hself erutamerp esuac osla nac snoitidnoc toH
20 (4), 1059(cid:133)1079.
d ey grl,nrnti eoipofmuotemrlrofec . ds (cid:144)eavntliiiuorbf(cid:143)ed
O A(2004) F earbook 2004YStatistical . ood Fand Agriculture
delioB tiurf si tfos ,dna y rhetiwyv. ciu jnar udoipisnvialf .emo R,snoita Ndetin Ueh tf onoitazinagrO
e vah taht tiurf gnoma tnelaverp ylralucitrap era stiurf delioB Graham, ., ., , M.WHardyVBernard, M., o, KL., Smith, M.,
t oh yrev ot detcejbus era neht dna ,retniw gnirud depoleved Robinson, S., Bucheli, C., , wyerSaB., O(cid:144)Hare, ., TJobin,
ggeP( noitarutam gnirud snoitidnoc gnirps la te .)5991 . engineering Genetic (1998) S. Underhill, and J. , DahlerM.,
to control black heart. In: oceedings Prof the 4th Asia
Darwin, , gyhnoloBiotecal Agriculturon ence Conferic acifP
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aliaustrA .J. Larkin). (ed. P
fect Abdullah, of H., Rohaya, M.A. & Zaipun, M.Z. (1985) Ef acifitnedi eht ot yeK )0891( .F ,laeL & .S ,inotnA ,.M ,aizarG tion
ied modif atmosphere on black heart elopment vdeand of commercial arieties vof pineapple ( comosusAnanas ).
ascorbic acid contents in (cid:143)Mauritius(cid:144) pineapple ( Ananas oceedings Prof the American Society for al Horticultur
comosus temperature. w loat storage during (cid:143)Mauritius(cid:144)) . cv gionsopical RerTScience of , 24 , 107(cid:133)112.
ournalood JASEAN F , 1 , 15(cid:133)18. Guthrie, J. & alsh, WK. (1997) e vasivNon-inassessment of
ardena, wygunaAbe. .WD.V(1969) Diseases of cultivated pineapple and mango fruit quality using near infra-red
plants: Their gnosis dia and eatment trin ylonCe . The . yspectroscop alian ustrA ournal J of Experimental
Apothecaries Co., Colombo.Colombo eAgricultur , 37 (2), 253(cid:133)263.
Akamine, E.K. (1963) Fresh pineapple storage. arm Hawaii F X-ray (2006) A. , Kader& . YSarig, D.C., , Slaughter., R.Pf, Haf
Science , 12 , 1(cid:133)4. assessment of y translucencin pineapple. ournal Jof ood F
Akamine, E.K. (1976) est Postharvcontrol of endogenous eservationocessing and PrPr , 30 (5), 527(cid:133)533.
wn bro spot in fresh Australian pineapples with heat. Hepton, A. & Anderson, E.J. (1968) Interfruitlet corking of
HortScience , 11 , 586(cid:133)588. pineapple fruit, a w nedisease in aii. wHa gyPhytopatholo ,
Ba.r ,t hol&o wmDe.PMalezieu.x , (1E9.9P4) Pineapple. In: 58 (1), 74(cid:133)78.
Handbook of onvmiEernntal Physiology of ruitF opsCr , ,arednusejiW ,.W.S.R ,mantarejiW ,.N.G.I ,egilujaweH & R.L.C.(cid:2)
ol. 2: V Soupboitpcriacrla olap nsCdTr (ed. B. Schfaefr & M. ere ysekAbe(2003) Fruit calcium concentration and
.C.(cid:2)PAnderson), pp. 371(cid:133)388. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pineapple. of storage temperature w loduring injury chilling
FL, USA. ournal Jof the Science of ood Fand eAgricultur , 83 (14),
pineapple. of ripening on studies Further (1969) . R.Pwden, Bo 1451(cid:133)1454.
alia)ustrgy (AhnoloecTood F , 19 , 424(cid:133)427. ajulige, wHe I.G.N., ijeratnam, W. R.S.W& ijesundera, W
Cancel, H.L. (1974) esting Harvand storage conditions for control to calcium of application est Pre-harv(2006) R.L.C.
pineapples of the (cid:143)Red Spanish(cid:144) . arietyv ournal J of black heart disorder in Mauritius pineapples during
eAgricultur , Puerto Rico , 58 , 162(cid:133)169. w-temperature lostorage. ournal Jof the Science of ood F
g nino l)C899 1.(R .,Jalle t .o&SB.A ,orallav a,C.I .,CillenozzaC eAgriculturand , 86 (3), 420(cid:133)424.
c itehtnysoib enelyhte decudni-gninepir fo noitaziretcarahc dna Hine, R.B. (1976) Epidemiology of pink disease of pineapple
seneg morf ciretcamil ce-lnpopnaenip( sananAsusomoc ) fruit. gyPhytopatholo , 66 (3), 323(cid:133)327.
.stiurf ygoloisyhP tnalP fo lanruoJ nailartsuA , 52 .815(cid:133)315 , fman, Hof.J. P& Smith, L.G. (1993) est Preharvfects efon
Chen, C.C. aull, & R.E. P(2001) wn Fruit temperature and cro est postharvquality of subtropical and tropical fruit. In:
al vremoon the occurrence of pineapple . fruit ytranslucenc oceedings Prof International ence Conferon ostharvest P
aeScientia Horticultur , 88 (2), 85(cid:133)95. Handling of fruit, Chiang Mai, Thailand (ed. B.R. Champ,
.E. ,sa noitaci )0002( .C.Iv dnafiruP &euC lacisyhp ,ÆtsedoPF E. y Highle& G.I. Johnson), CIAR A261(cid:133)268. Publication
and kinetic characterization of an AD Ndependant malate No. 5.
( elppaenip fo sevael morf esanegordyhed comosus Ananas ). ,gnoH ,.K.T.H ,esoN .A & ,eiragA .S )4002( yrotaripseR
gia PlantarumPhysiolo , 108 , 240(cid:133)248. properties and malate metabolism in ied Percoll-purif
. Damunupola, & J.WAdikaram, N.K.B. (2000) Response of mitochondria isolated from pineapple, Ananas comosus
o twpineapple ars vcultito black rot disease caused by (L.) . . MerrCvSmooth Cayenne. ournal Jof Experimental
Thielaviopsis adoxapar . In: oceedings Prof the Annual Botany , 55 (406), 2201(cid:133)2011.
h cResearSessions, sity Univerof adeniyaerP , Sri Lanka , (1977) . D.Peetch, K Pineapplesin urn Sunb South in arming F.
ersity of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.vabstract. Uni Africa Pineapple Series No. H8/1977.
Rees_c07.inddRees_c07.indd 155 155 11/19/201111/19/2011 9:16:42 AM 9:16:42AM
154 gyhnoloecTost-Harvest: Science and op PCr
e vitcarttanu era yeht sa ,tekram hserf eht ot tnes eb ton dluohs Control
dna osla enorp ot ,esaesid eud ot .gnimmirt ybbonK stiurf gnitnalP dluohs eb dennalp ot diova dloc rehtaewg nirud
ggeP( yrtsudni gninnac eht rof desu tseb era la te .)5991 . gnirewolf dna ylrae tiurf .tnempoleved nI nrehtuosd na
lartnec ,dnalsneeuQ stiurf dluohs ton eb decudni nie tal
wnsoMultiple cr
remmus .)lirpA(cid:133)hcraM( fI stiurf era decudni gniruds iht
wn Croabnormalities occur frequently in pineapple. The h tiw tiurf eht gnirevoc yb decuder eb nac eye ylkcirp ,doirep
condition, multiple wns, crois a common condition of e ht sa noos sa detelpmoc eb tsum siht ,revewoH .sgab repap
pineapple, caused by a genetic aberration. When o twor ggeP( nepo slatep eht erofeb dna raeppa srewolf la te .)5991 .
elop von wns each more defruit, crothere is a y tendencfor
nurSunb
gg (Peen thickto cores fruit and flatten to fruit alet 1995)..
urn, Sunbalso called (cid:143)sunscald(cid:144), is caused by high fruit
temperatures resulting in injury and death of fruit tissue
Control
gg (Pe et al . 1995). urn Sunbcan cause major losses, espe-
Careful selection of planting material is essential for its
of 35(cid:176)C) (> months hot during maturing is fruit when cially
from culled be should disorder this wing shoPlants control.
the year eetch (K& Balldorf 1979), when the fruit is not
the ield for separated from planting material. Multiple
shaded by es vleaand especially in ratoon crops, and is
fresh the for destined are fruit if trimmed be to need wns cro
alent more vin prethe outer ws roand when fruit is lodged
et. mark, ervweHothe appearance of the trimmed top
(Nakasone & aull P1998). Ratoon fruit are especially
reduces the visual appeal of the fruit. The preferred ut (b
xposing e(lodged), er voalls ffruit this of Much susceptible.
wn crosingle only send to is option impractical) sometimes
its sides to the full force of the sun. Plant crop is less
gg et (Pefruit to the fresh mark et al . 1995).
susceptible, as it is generally standing upright. , ervweHo
fruit shoulders can still be damaged during ery v hot
ePrickly ey
, especially on western slopes and weatheraround the edge
Prickly ye, ea malformation, is caused by cold weather of the ield fgg (Pe et al . 1995). The dark green skin of the
during wering floand during the early stages of fruit fruit utes contribto the problem, as it absorbs a lot of heat
elopment vde gg (Pe et al . 1995). Malformations, or from the sun. urn Sunbdamage is much more ely likto
pineapple fruit with pronounced yes e or fruitlets, are gg (Pedays calm on occur alet soon fruits fected Af1995). .
normally not acceptable in y ancfgrades of fruit, and the rot and become infested with pests.
ery (Lim 1985).vwer flesh recoer skin results in lothick Mild fruit urn sunbsimply ws shoas a bleached w yello
during ails vpreweather cold when occurs condition The y grepale turns which fruit, the of side xposed ethe on area
wering floand early fruit elopment. vdeFruit ested harvin and wn, browith damage to the flesh underneath. More
southern and central Queensland, Australia, during the , ere elopment injury of vvcauses a en, the sunkspongysede
months of ember vNoand December often w shotypical wn broskin lesion in the centre of the bleached area.
symptoms of prickly ye. e Fruit ested harv in north Interfruitlet cracks in the wn broarea w allodrying out of
fresh a command and problem this w shorarely Queensland eussiT .smsinagro gnisuac esaesid fo yrtne dna ,eussit tiurf
et markprice premium at this time. The north Queensland underneath this area ely could vdamaged. These be xtensie
crop est harvschedule is aimed at taking antage advof this degamad saera era erom elbitpecsus ot esaesid ,smsinagro
gg (Pe et al . 1995). aull 1998).particularly yeasts and bacteria (Nakasone & P
Pronounced fruitlets or yes(cid:144) (cid:143)eappear instead of being
to reported are fruit fected Afconical. quite is ye eEach flat. Control
be more susceptible to fruit blemish. Internally the flesh is Adjusting the ycle ratoon to crop ensure cthat the fruits do
the in appear vities caprominent and normal as y juicas not not mature during hot summer months will vide prosome
fruitlets. Fruit size is smaller than Apart normal. from the control. reating Tcannery fruit maturing during the hot
skin symptom, the fruit is quite edible. When processed, months with a e, vreflecticlay-based sun screen is also
slice skin thick a as , eryvrecoflesh w loa e vhafruit fected af treatments these of residue e vunattractiThe recommended.
gg e the defect (Pevis required to remo et al . 1995). precludes its use on fresh et markpineapples. Some fresh
ni ,eroc nekorb ot elbitpecsus era seiteirav hsinapS emoS fruit consumers are are waof its nonharmful nature, ut b
eht ot gnidael kaerb esrevsnart a sah eroc lartnec eht hcihw gg (Pedemand poor in generally is fruit treated alet 1995). .
gnitluser mottob eht fo daeha gninepir tiurf eht fo trap reppu Care should be en takto control lodging or leaning. Dry
.)5891 miL( elppaenip fo noitamroflam fo mrof rehtona ni grass, w straor wn bropaper es vsleemay be placed er vo
Rees_c07.inddRees_c07.indd 154 154 11/19/201111/19/2011 9:16:42 AM 9:16:42AM
Pineapple 153
tsevrah-tsoP taeh ,tnemtaert ni eht mrof fo a toh retaw (Py(cid:2) alet(cid:2) ge larin often more appears condition The 1987). .
e dcolntoacr etl iosuturifti r.uaM elvpcpa edneicp u,dpniid fruit eisson (T1979). The condition in aii wHahas been
yrujni ,dna ni ,nrut decuder lanretni gninworb gnirud associated with , arvcultihigh nitrogen, ge larvigorous
degnolor p erutarepmet-wol egarots awehareeW( & plants, - winterand spring-ripened fruit, treatment with
snoit aenmiibtm(cid:133)oecrut alraerpemetv .m)abr5a0ke0iS2dA tiurf gnigralne htworg ,srotaluger noitagirri etar dna
.setunim 06 rof C(cid:176)83 saw tseb eht tub ,evitceffe dnuof erew yes 1996).aull & Replanting density (P
ehT s tdleutsaecri dtnaiht na lan r eeertuunstisairtep mfeot fAefcted fruit is more susceptible to pre-harevst
C(cid:176)83 si a etisiuqererp rof eht noitcudni fo dloc .ecnarelot sunubrn e (eKtch 1977) and more prone to mechanical
taeH , ,tnemrteae rdtvewewolso hnwod tiurf gninepir dna damaagfeth earre vsatftnhr,deuhp iaofodttsolvuuo rare
desaercni retaw .ssol gnipparW detaert-taeh stiurf ni wl oacids and wl oesters (wBdoen 1969). Impact damage
enehtylop gnisopxe ylno e ht ,nworc roirp ot dloc egarots of translucent fruit is characterized by leaking of juice
decuder lanretn igninworb rehtruf dna osla eht retaw ssol from the damaged area (aPull & Ryees 1996). Leakage
marakidA & awehareeW( ecnaraeppa retteb a tiurf eht gnivig could lead to bacterial and yeast evdleopment and may
erus o fpsoxtiuref e)n6i 7mo9a s1kdl(Ana utoafh t.)b 5002 alsop laya r olei ns omef ungald iseaseso fh arevstedf ruit
ot toh ria ta C(cid:176)2.73 dna %33 ytidimuh decuder lanretni (aPull & Ryees 1996).
.gninworb taeH tnemtaert retfa noitaregirfer saw dnuof Detection of pineapple fruit translucenyc using X-ray
.noitaregirfer erofeb naht evitceffe erom images was evsitnigated. Ninety-two pineapples were
eroM ,yltnecer tnemtaert htiw enaporpolcyclyhtem-1 imaged with X-ray and after imaging, each pineapple
(1-MCP), an inhibitor of the ylene eth, receptorhas been was cut open to determine the true elvle of the disorder
reported to ely vfectief control internal wning bro of and rated on a scale from 1 (no translucenyc) to 5
arajah pineapple (Selv et al . 2001). 1-MCP has delayed the (xetremely translucent). There was a high correlation
decline of ascorbic acid and acted as an inhibitor of (R (cid:138)2 = 0.96) between the likelihood of a sample being
hajaravleS (elppaeni pn isrotpece renelyhte et al . 2001). rated as good and the actual elvle of transluceny c
ehT esu fo gnideerb ot poleved tnatsiser sravitluc fo obserevd. Samples with no translucenyc were correctly
elppaenip sedivorp na evitcartta evitanretla ot eht yltsoc identiifed 95% of the time, while those with xetreme
lortnoc ot desu stnemtaert tsevrah-tsop tneiciffeni netfo dna translucenyc were idecnotririfeecdt ly 86% of the time.
eht .redrosid ehT rojam egnellahc gnicaf eht elppaenip Trhees ulitnsd icattheXa -tr iamya ugsiaien sfgn u oln de-
ecnatsiser wohs ylno ton taht sravitluc ecudorp ot si sredeerb strucetv imethod for industry for selecting pineapples
ot eht ,redrosid tub osla niater elbarised cimonorga dna traxentsrleoumrce elny yc off reeb e ltiomk oeslatyrt eh at
trawetS( scitsiretcarahc ytilauq gnitae la te .)2002 . translucent (Haff et al . 2006).
attempted as w(blackheart) wning brointernal of Control nlwao vrrCeohmteire ta na ylrae ro etal egats fot iurf
by inhibiting the xpression e of PPO in genetically t hgiew tiurf no tceffe tnacifingis yna evah ton did tnempoleved
engineered pineapple plants (Graham et al . 1998). eyccn ner eroncreuuhlcCsc(noart & llug an.iP)x1a002W
A(cid:2)transformation technique for the introduction of e rutam ssel fo ycneculsnart fo esaercni eht ecneulfni ton seod
transgenes to control blackheart by particle bombardment e ruta mero mn iytireve seh tecude rdi dtu b,tsevra hretf atiurf
has been eloped vdefor Smooth Cayenne pineapple. Leaf .)2891 lluaP & hcabrhoR( skeew 3(cid:133)2 rof C(cid:176)8 ta derots tiurf
sullac serutluc elbapac fo hgih ycneuqerf sisenegonagro
material xplant eas used were time generation reshort a with binessKnob
o (K et al . 2006). a is fruits, of base the in knobs of formation a Knobbiness,
result of genetic f oftype (Soler 1992). This is not a ery v
Fruit translucency common , disorderand ed observoccasionally in a small
-soaking ranslucence of or aterthe wTflesh is a problem in number of plants. , ervweHoif the plants are used for
est harv fruit before occurs condition The et. markfruit fresh ,noitagaporp eht ecnedicni fo ybbonk tiurf lliw esaercni
and does not increase after est harv(Rohrbach & aull P gg (Pe alet these of wns crothe of culling Therefore 1995). .
1982). Chen and aull P(2001) found that pineapple fruit of base the on occur usually Knobs recommended. is fruits
y translucencgins beto appear 2(cid:133)4 weeks before est. harv fruit in f oftypes. These fruits are not eted, marksince
The basal flesh is the irst fto w shotranslucence, and in trimming generally breaks the fruit skin ws and rots alloto
ere vsecases the whole fruit is fected. afThe translucence gg elop (Pevde et al . 1995).
sah neeb dedrager sa gnieb eud ot erutamerp gninepir stnalP gniwohs ssenibbonk dluohs eb delluc morf eht
(Soler 1994) of the flesh, e virrespectiof skin colour dleif ro detarapes morf gnitnalp .lairetam ybbonK tiurf
Rees_c07.inddRees_c07.indd 153 153 11/19/201111/19/2011 9:16:41 AM 9:16:41AM
152 gyhnoloecTost-Harvest: Science and op PCr
proteins and other phenolic compounds to form x comple dnalsneeuQ ,31enolc eht puorgretni sdirbyh 05(cid:133)37d na
fected afthe of colour black or wn broThe polymers. wn bro -ts id slle eerfio v efwdm enonoeluosetoh evfs6b1a1h(cid:133)35
tissue is due to the formation of these compounds. The eg atC rra(cid:176)rgeo0o ntt1f4s ifs1ynaaw dl aoenrc rbnoeattni
and acuole, vthe in located are PPO for substraptheesn olic e srleewv dcieiclbar o ecd Cr.hsey(cid:176)o sTawb0f8y2aodllof
when occurs only reaction wning broenzymic the therefore s rotca ftah tgnitseggu secnatsise revitale rhti wtnetsisno cton
sub-cellular compartmentalization is altered. The l a ne r cydceonaiitta lcbnteaparis loinocsirsear nraehh tto
p -coumaraiccfi efdaie,ccr ai usndlid ain ccai pcdaia,ccf i d .)7991 seliG & ikswenaS( gninworb
are iedi dentif as the major phenolic compounds in
pianne apple eldL elyv(V& De Bruynm 1977) and it has Control
been irmed confthat the concentration of coumaric acid Field application of certain fertilizers has been found
arepo oxliydpahseen oofl vity actithe and acisdi napica nd e vfectiefin reducing internal wning. broApplication of
eisson (Twning ingbtoreiornnugtan ilds estruhee ihni gher CaCl and fused magnesium phosphate arajah (Selv et al .
2
et al . 1979). In fruit fected afby the chill-induced internal 1998) to soil reduced internal wning broof ested harv
in than higher tenfold as wvity actiPPO , disorderwning bro pineapple. Combined treatment of est pre-harvCaCl fruit
2
betweenc orrelation direct a as wthere and fruit, fected unaf spray g (1.3 per fruit) wed follo by est post-harv ax w
PPO vity acti and the erity vse of internal wning bro treatment wed sho80% good fruit with no black heart
symptoms art w(Ste et al . 2001). Southern blot analysis symptoms after w-temperature lostorage at 10(cid:176)C for 17
suggested the presence of at least four PPO genes in days wed folloby 2 days at ambient temperature of 28 –
pineapple. The chilling induces the de vono synthesis of to subjected pineapples of gions reflesh and core Both 2(cid:176)C.
PPO in Smooth Cayennea rpti nweapples (Ste et al . 2001). est pre-harv fruit spray treatment wed sho higher total
OPP ytivitca fo elppa e.nip suvictiruaM )neeuQ( rednu calcium els vle compared to controls ajulige w(He et al .
degnolorp dloc )C(cid:176)01( egarots sesaercni ylevissergorp ni 2006). There is a correlation between the calcium content
.gninworb lanretni fo ytisnetni eht ni esaercni eht ot lellarap in the pineapple tissue and incidence of internal wning bro
fo noitaitini eht htiw dedicnioc ytivitca OPP fo esaercni ehT ajulige w(He et al . 2003). The calcium concentrations in
lanretni .gninworb ehT level fo OPP ytivitca ni ylevitaler the fruit w icantly were (Smooth ehigher signifariety in Kv
tnatsiser sravitluc .g.e( )(cid:144)weK(cid:143) saw wol tuohguorht eht ference dif The pineapple. (Queen) Mauritius than Cayenne)
nA .)a5002 marakidA & awehareeW( egarots dloc fo doirep wer incidence corresponded of icantly to chilling loa signif
enneyaC htoomS tiurf elppaenip ni ytivitca OPP fo esaercni injury in the . formerThe calcium concentration in both
smotpmys gninworb lanretni fo ecnedicni eht ot detaler saw core. the than shell the in higher icantly signifas wars vculti
uohZ( yllaitaps dna yllaropmet htob la te tceffe ehT .)3002 . Internal wning brosymptoms are associated with the core
fo ytirutam no ytilibitpecsus ot lanretni gninworb saw and the flesh adjacent to the core, where the calcium
.gnillihc ot ytivitca OPP fo esnopser eht ot detalerroc ylhgih ajulige ww (Hecontent is lo et al . 2003).
a wehareeW dna marakidA )a5002( deiduts -ocisyhp esting fruits at immature, green Harvstage tends to limit
chemical and biochemical ferences dif between o tw gen-is fruit this ut bwning, brointernal of elopment vdethe
arieties vving haaried vresponses to chilling injury by erally of poorer eating quality than fully ripe fruit. While
greater ealed vrestudy The elopment. vdewning brointernal y thesuccess, some with used been e vhamethods e vabothe
increase in rate of respiration, higher total soluble solids, are not completely e vfectiefin reducing the incidence of
vity actiperoxidase and PPO higher and acidity of uild-up b the disorder art w(Ste et al . 2002). Fruits containing high
during (Queen) (cid:143)Mauritius(cid:144) ariety vsusceptible more the in ascorbic acid eloped vdeonly slight wning, brout bfruits
w(cid:144) (Smooth Cayenne). Graham ecold storage than (cid:143)K et al . wning.ere brovwed sew ascorbic acid shocontaining lo
, (1998), ervwefound hothat peroxidase vity actiremained est Post-harv attempts to control internal wning bro
unaltered during the induction of internal wning browhile oxygen of ailability vathe restrict to fruit of axing winclude
vity increased tenfold.PPO acti (Rohrbach & aull P 1982), storing fruit in ied modif
suoremuN srotcaf tceffa eht tnempoleved fol anretni atmospheres (Abdullah et al . 1985) and rapid eting mark
gninw reodrrbosid ni .elppae nsitpi udreFtsevrah tae rom gies stratedesigned to er vdelithe fruit to the consumer
-retni dna yrujni gnillihc ot elbitpecsus erom era egats erutam before wning bro symptoms become vident e (Swete-
& (cid:2)awehareeW ;2891 gnaW( tiurf erutam ssel naht gninworb lan of wn crothe and fruit the axing W1993). w Bagsha& elly(cid:2)k
n worc ,)3991 htimS & namffoH( ezis tiurF .)a5002 marakidA retaw:enelyhteylop(cid:133)niffarap v/v %02 a htiw elppaenip hserf
nossieT( tnetnoc dica cibrocsa dna ezis la te e ht tceffa )9791 . mixture reduced the incidence and erity vseof internal
e nneyaC htoomS ot evitaleR .gninworb lanretni fo noisserpxe aull 1982).wning (Rohrbach & Pbro
Rees_c07.inddRees_c07.indd 152 152 11/19/201111/19/2011 9:16:41 AM 9:16:41AM
Pineapple 151
rehtaew nac esuac lasab gnikcarc neewte b.steltiurft iurF initially are disorder this of symptoms characteristic The
s a gnikcarc ot enorp era egamad tsorf ronim neve yb detceffa base the at spots ed -soakaterwtranslucent, of formation the
-idemmi si sdnuow morf gnipeew eciuJ .gnirps ni nepir yeht stages later at wn brobecome areas these and fruitlets the of
d egamad ylereves era tiurf eseht dna ,stsaey yb dedavni yleta (Abdullah et al . 1985; Akamine 1976). The vidual indi
ro deyortsed sa yeht .nepir ehT esaesid yam rucco nie ht spots may ge enlarand coalesce to form a dark wn broto
ggeP( melborp tsevrah-tsop a sa ro noitatnalp la te .)5991 . centre entire the in core the along mass tissue colour black
ni dnuof smsinagro nommoc tsom eht gnoma era stsaeY of the fruit. The wning bromay xpand eboth ards inwand
nature. In damaged and erripe vofruit, and in fruit with ards outwfrom the periphery of the core, more into the
interfruitlet cracking already present, yeasts start wing gro xtent The pattern and ed eareas. -soakaterwn wflesh, as bro
and viding dior w neyeasts ade vinaull (P1997). In arm w of elopment vdeof internal wning brosymptoms may ary v
,erutarepmet yeht tcefni dna worg ni ragus snoitulos 7.4) (Plate (Queen) (cid:143)Mauritius(cid:144) ar vcultiIn . arietyvthe with
gnisuac noitatnemref noisrevnoc( fo ragus ot ,)lohocla the initial symptoms -appear within 7(cid:133)10 days of cold stor
gnisaeler nobrac edixoid .sag ylraE smotpmys fo tsaey tor age at 10(cid:176)C and the intensity increases on prolonged cold
hguorht eciuj dna sag fo selbbub fo ecnaraeppa eht edulcni storage (Plate 7.5). The symptoms could be seen in both
cracks or points of injury where infection occurs gg (Pe core and flesh er ering vtissue 75% vocoof the fruit stored
et(cid:2)al . 1995). The skin turns wn broand leathery aull (P for 3 weeks. The internal wning brosymptoms elop vde
. spongybecomes fruit the juice, of leakage the ith W1997). rather wly sloin certain arieties vsuch as w(cid:144) e(cid:143)K(Smooth
, Internallythe decaying flesh is bright w yellowith ge lar Cayenne) (Plate 7.4) where initial symptoms appear
, eht llehs si tfel gnidnuorrus a ssam fo .seitivyllaniF sagac wing follo2 weeks of storage at 10(cid:176)C (Plate 7.5) and the
spongy ibrous ftissue gg (Pe et al . 1995). Some yeasts do wning brois mostly ined confto the flesh tissue as isolated
ton ecudorp sag tub esuac a yssalg egaliops htiw a patches. Internal wning brosymptoms are ed observin the
wdon 1990).e aroma (Snovdistincti flesh of Smooth Cayenne fruit chilled at 10(cid:176)C and the
symptoms were ely vprogressiless at wer lotemperatures,
Control with no symptoms ed observin the flesh of fruit stored at
Fruit that will ripen in spring in frost-prone areas must be art w0(cid:176)C (Ste et al . 2002).
detcetorp tsniaga ,egamad yb gnirevoc ,gnuoy gnipoleved esuaceB ereht era on suoivbo lanretxe ,smotpmys
fruit with gg paper bags (Pe et al . 1995). Fruits should also detceffa tiurf si netfo ton detceted litnu ti si decils retfa
be protected from urn sunband mechanical damage. Fruit noitcafsitassid remotsuc elbaredisnoc ni gnitluser ,esahcrup
wing shoen veminor interfruitlet cracking should not be trawetS( tela . .)2002 sihT osla stcirtser gnissecorp dna
consigned to the et. marky Anfruit wing shofractures .elppaenip fo gnissecorp gnirud egatsaw tnacifingis ot sdael
between fruitlets should be ed pickat the earliest stages of ehT redrosid si detroper morf ynam elppaenip gniworg
fruit maturity to minimize losses from yeasty rot gg (Pe snoiger ni eht dlrow dna lareves laicremm o.csravitluc nI
et(cid:2)al . 1995). seirtnuoc ail a dreetcsuudAkniil-dlei lanrfetn igninworb si
.)3991 wahsgaB & yllek-etewS( tnelaverp tsom eb ot dnuof
wning of fruitonal brInter and damage cellular both of result a is wning broInternal
lanretnI gninworb si a lacigoloisyhp redrosid ni elppaenip fected wning. by Pulp tissues of pineapple enzymatic afbro
also wn knoas black heart and endogenous wn brospot internal wning broleak out greater amount of electrolytes
(EBS). Pineapple is a e chilling vfruit sensitiand when the than fected unaftissues a weerahe(W& Adikaram 2005a)
ested harvfruit is xposed eto w lotemperature 8(cid:133)15(cid:176)C and this might be due to alteration of membrane structure.
during storage, transport or when the eloping vdefruit is The disorder is induced by chilling and results in
of elopment vdeield, fthe in periods winter cool to xposed e wning broof the flesh and core of the fruit due to the
internal wning brooccurs ills (W et al . 1985). Internal polyphenol enzyme the by substances phenolic of oxidation
wning bro is induced in ripening fruit when ield f oxidase (PPO) art w(Ste et al . 2001), a copper containing
by wed follodays, eral vsefor 21(cid:176)C w beloall ftemperatures of ersion vconcatalyses which enzyme o -dihydroxyphenols
& Rohrbach(cid:2)1979; eisson (Ttemperatures armer wto return a to o -quinones an (VeldL elyv& De Bruynm 1977). The
aull P 1982; Smith & Glennie 1987). In subtropical wning broof most plant tissues is a result of oxidation of
Queensland, summer crops of Smooth Cayenne produce colourless monophenolic compounds irst fto o -dihydroxy
fruits with xcellent echaracteristics, ut bfruit wn groin the and phenol o to substances phenolic -dihydroxy o -quinones
itpecsus ylralucitrap era )rebmetpeS(cid:133)yaM( shtnom retniw ble by polyphenol oxidase (Mayer & Harel 1979; er alkW&
eisson 1979).wning disorder (Tto the internal bro Ferrar 1998). The o -quinones react with amino acids,
Rees_c07.inddRees_c07.indd 151 151 11/19/201111/19/2011 9:16:41 AM 9:16:41AM
8
Avocado
Elhadi M. Yahia
INTRODUCTION part of the United States, the West Indies, to a large part of
Avocado is a dicotyledonous plant from the Ranales order South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador,
and the Lauraceae family. It was classified as Persea Peru, Bolivia and Chile) (Rodríguez Suppo 1992).
gratissima by Gaertner, and Persea americana by Miller. The avocado is botanically classified into three races:
P. americana developed subspecies due to geographical (1) West Indian (WI), Persea americana Mill. var. ameri-
isolation that finally originated different botanical types. cana (P. gratissima Gaertn.), tropical with large variably
The avocado tree (Persea americana Mill.) belongs to the shaped fruit and lower oil content; (2) Mexican (MX),
family Lauraceae and is one of the few commercially P.  americana Mill. var. drymifolia Blake (P. drymifolia
significant members of the genus Persea. The fruit is Schlecht.& Cham.), semi-tropical with smaller elongated
called ‘Ahuacatl’ by the Aztecs and from there derived thin-skinned fruit and higher oil content; and (3) Guatemalan
the term ‘avocado’, ‘aguacate’ (in Spanish), ‘avocat’ (in (G), P. nubigena var. guatemalensis L. Wms., subtropical
French) and ‘abacate’ (in Portuguese). The Aztecs with mostly round thick-skinned fruit and intermediate oil
considered avocados an aphrodisiac and called it huacatl, content (Bergh & Lahav 1996). The Mexican race, which
meaning testicles, referring to the fruit’s shape and the originated in the mountains of México and Central America,
way they hang from the tree. The fruit is also called is characterized by relatively small fruit, ranging from 75 to
‘palta’ in Chile, Ecuador and Peru, and also has been 300 g, with a thin, smooth skin. Fruit of the Guatemalan
referred to as alligator pear, vegetable butter, butter pear race are native to the highlands of Central America and are
and midshipman’s butter. not as resistant to low temperatures as those of the Mexican
The avocado originated in Central America and southern race, characterized by large fruit, averaging 500–600 g, and
Mexico. Based on archaeological evidence found in thick brittle skin. The West Indian race is native to the low-
Tehuacán, Puebla (Mexico), it is believed that it appeared lands of Central America and northern South America,
approximately 12 000 years ago. It has been determined characterized by intermediate fruit size, with smooth, leath-
that the centre of origin of this fruit is the central part of ery and sometimes glossy skin. There are differences in
Mexico, passing through Guatemala to Central America. In fruit maturity and oil content between the different races
this region, the natural gene stock can be found, which can (Biale & Yo 1971). Generally, West Indian avocado trees are
be useful to the biotechnological improvement of the the most cold sensitive and are damaged by temperatures
species. As evidence for this theory, primitive avocado below 1.2°C (Joubert & Bredell 1982). While racial ances-
trees have been found in the ‘Oriental Sierra Madre’ along try was identified as the most important factor influencing
from the State of Nuevo León (Mexico) to Costa Rica. susceptibility to cold, other factors such as tree size, age and
From this region avocado dispersed to the south-eastern vigour, crop load, and cultural practices were also shown to
Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology, First Edition. Edited by Debbie Rees, Graham Farrell and John Orchard.
© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
159
RReeeess__cc0088..iinndddd 115599 1111//1199//22001111 99::1155::3333 AAMM
158 gyhnoloecTost-Harvest: Science and op PCr
black heart in pineapple. opical rTe AgriculturrinidadT , fruit bromelain. ournal J of hemiBsitorcy , 79 (6),
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noitulovE .de( .K retniW & .C.A.J ,)htimS .pp. 624(cid:133)983 Zhou, ., Y, DahlerJ.M., Underhill, S.J.R. & ills, WR.B.H.
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and characterization of a protease from pineapple fruit,
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Pineapple 157
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St.(cid:2)Paul,(cid:2)MN. ,noitaziretcarahc dna lagnufitna ytivitca fo sesanitihc morf
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