Crooked Cats AnimAl lives Jane C. Desmond, Series Editor; Barbara J. King, Associate Editor for Science; Kim Marra, Associate Editor Books in the series Displaying Death and Animating life: Human- Animal Relations in Art, science, and everyday life by Jane C. Desmond voracious science and vulnerable Animals: A Primate scientist’s ethical Journey by John P. Gluck The Great Cat and Dog massacre: The Real story of World War Two’s Unknown Tragedy by Hilda Kean Animal intimacies: interspecies Relatedness in india’s Central Himalayas by Radhika Govindrajan minor Creatures: Persons, Animals, and the victorian novel by Ivan Kreilkamp equestrian Cultures: Horses, Human society, and the Discourse of modernity by Kristen Guest and Monica Mattfeld Precarious Partners: Horses and Their Humans in nineteenth-C entury France by Kari Weil Crooked Cats Beastly encounters in the Anthropocene nAyAnikA mATHUR The University of Chicago Press Chicago and london The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, ltd., london © 2021 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. no part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 e. 60th st., Chicago, il 60637. Published 2021 Printed in the United states of America 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 5 isBn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 77189- 2 (cloth) isBn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 77192- 2 (paper) isBn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 77208- 0 (e- book) DOi: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226772080.001.0001 library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data names: mathur, nayanika, author. Title: Crooked cats : beastly encounters in the Anthropocene / nayanika mathur. Other titles: Animal lives (University of Chicago. Press) Description: Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2021. | series: Animal lives | includes bibliographical references and index. identifiers: lCCn 2020056572 | isBn 9780226771892 (cloth) | isBn 9780226771922 (paperback) | isBn 9780226772080 (ebook) subjects: lCsH: Felidae—Behavior. | Animal attacks—india. | Human-animal relationships. Classification: lCC Ql737.C23 m2768 2021 | DDC 599.75—dc23 lC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020056572 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of Ansi/nisO Z39.48-1 992 (Permanence of Paper). To Tapsi छोटी बहन COnTenTs Prologue: Of Two Reigns of Terror / ix introduction: The Beastly Tale of the leopard of Gopeshwar / 1 1. Crooked Becomings / 29 2. murderous looks / 55 3. The Cute killer / 73 4. A Petition to kill / 79 5. The leopard of Rudraprayag versus shere khan / 95 6. Big Cats in the City / 105 7. entrapment / 127 8. Three Beastly Tales to Conclude / 153 Acknowledgments / 165 Glossary / 169 Notes / 171 Bibliography / 189 Index / 201 PROlOGUe Of Two Reigns of Terror “Apologies for the apocalypse” signs off an email as my university goes into a lockdown to stave off the coronavirus pandemic. in more muted terms, other messages note that this is an “extraordinary time.” most struggle to find an analogous moment in living memory. strangely enough, for me this period of quarantine— in which i am putting the final touches to this book— is eerily reminiscent of the very period in my life that led to the birth of Crooked Cats in the first place. “stay home, stay safe!” we are told as the pandemic silently sweeps through the world. This is precisely the only protection that was at hand over three months in 2006–2 007 when a leopard haunted the small Hima- layan town of Gopeshwar in the north indian state of Uttarakhand. Then, i had been living in Gopeshwar for my doctoral fieldwork. The leopard—o r bagh, as it is known in Hindi— was a crooked cat, or what are popularly known as “man- eaters.” she spread what was widely described as “a reign of terror” in the town and surrounding villages, and killed and ate seven hu- mans before she was herself hunted down. During this period, it was hard for us to leave our houses other than in big groups and in broad daylight. Before dusk fell, we would scurry home and firmly lock the doors, not dar- ing to step out till the next day. At night we shivered with fright in our beds, hearing— or imagining we were hearing— her beastly roar echo through the small Himalayan town. Our lives were at risk, quite literally, if we left our homes— a feeling that is reverberating around the United kingdom as i type these words in late march 2020. i laughed inwardly when i read these lines from the diary of an italian editor under lockdown in Florence: “We live as if a predator roams outside. And no one knows when it will tire of the hunt and move on.”1 The similar- ities between the present european lockdown and the reign of terror of the x / Prologue big cat in the indian Himalaya are not just a spatial incarceration and the unknowability of how long the situation might persist for, critical as those aspects are. The resemblance is also in a critical feature of this moment in the world that lies at the very heart of this project: a dawning awareness of the intricate entanglements between spheres that are often kept apart, espe- cially human- nonhuman relationships and planetary health, and the ways in which a slight change in one affects the other. Consider the videos of starv- ing monkeys in Thailand and india and deer in Japan that are behaving oddly— fighting among one another or traveling to metro stations and crowded traffic- filled streets in pursuance of food— due to a drop in human tourists. Obversely, in some quarters, narratives of a resurgent nature are dominating, with celebration of, supposedly, the return of fish to venetian canals or dolphins to the shores of mumbai. such “digital ecological en- counters” (Turnbull, searle, and W. Adams 2020) have led to a problematic mode of storytelling regarding the pandemic, though the final form this narrative will take is still to definitively congeal (n. mathur 2020). There is a dawning recognition of how closely human and nonhuman animals’ lives are linked. At the very same time, there is a profound uncer- tainty to this pandemic. Was the original host of COviD- 19 a pangolin or a bat or another animal altogether? How does this virus move around? is there a cure for this disease, and how can we discover it? How effective will the vaccinations be? What will become of the world once (if?) the pandemic ends? What is the scale of the destruction it will leave in its wake? We all seek answers to these and so many other questions and cannot really find crystal clear responses. The many questions that the pandemic has opened up, which may or may not be answered with time, mimic the foundationally questioning nature of Crooked Cats. This book, too, is as much about asking new questions as it is about answering them with certainty. it works through the complexities and unresolvable unknowings associated with managing and living with big cats that have gone rogue and are, inexplicably, turning on humans. What is becoming apparent with the pandemic is the profound difference that political systems, state forms, and leadership styles are making to the management of the pandemic.2 Different political, economic, and social sys- tems are producing distinct results in the handling of seemingly the same virus. in the pages that follow, there is an overarching interest in human- designed, historically-m olded political systems and the critical role they play in regulating crooked cats— what i term “the government of big cats.” This form of nonhuman governance is akin to, but also departs in some vital ways from, governmental regimes directed at humans. Hitherto, the governance of