Critiques of Research in the Social Sciences: An Appraisal of Thomas and Znaniecki’s The Polish Peasant in Europe and America PDF
Preview Critiques of Research in the Social Sciences: An Appraisal of Thomas and Znaniecki’s The Polish Peasant in Europe and America
INTRODUCTIONT O THE TRANSACTION EDITION HERBERT BLUMER Ther epubliocfma ytc iroint oifqT uhPeeo lPiesahs iann t EuroapneAd m erpircoav iadnoe psp orttuonc iotmym ent ons evecrraulcm ieatlh odoliosgswiuhceiasccl oh n titnou e plagsuoec ioalnosdgo yc ial psMyycc rhiotlioqguye., which wapsu bliisnh1 e9d3w 9a,ps r epairnre eds potnoas r ee queosftt hEex ecuCtoimvmei totfte heSe o cSicali ence ReseaCrocuhn cThialct.o mmihtatdfe eetl htat ths eo cial sciecnocueblsed n effrioatms earching eoxfta hmei nation methodolcohgaircaaoclfto eurt stapnideicnoegfrs e searicnsh e vesroaclsi caile nIcnte hsce.a soefs ociology, thseo ciolwohgowi esrtceso nsualgtreedoe vde rwhelm ingtlhyTa hto maansZd n ani'ePscoklPiiesahswaanbsty f ar thmeo sdti stingrueissehasertdcu hid nyt hefiire Mlyd . critoifqt uhewi osr wka rse garadsse udf ficiiemnptolry tatntow arraac notn feroefen mcien secnhto tloda irssc uss thmee thodoliosgsitucheaasIhlt a dr ai.sT ehdec ritique, thceo nferdeinscceu sasnidaof nessw,e parcaotmem en tarairerese prodiuntc hecedu rrpeunbtl ication. Beforaed drestshmieen tgh odologicwahli cphr,o blems asIs acyo,n titnohu aeu snotc ioilitoos gf sy o,m ien terest tor efleocntt h gee newraayil nw hiTchhPe o lPiesahs iasn t viewteodd aayp,pr oxifmoartteyl yy emayrc sr iatfitqeure ansdo msei xyteyaa rfstt ehre sMtyui dmyp.r esistsih oant sociolwohgohi asvcteos m oen t hsec esnien Wcoer lWda r [)v IIh avvee rlyi tftalmei lwiiatrthih wteoy r akn dw oulbde harpdu tto i denetviefanfy e owf t hmea nvyi tmaalt ters thaittc onsidTehrieasdb .s eonfce ev eanm odicoufm firsthfaanmdi lwiiatrthihw teoy r iksa ltlh meo rseu rpris inignv ieowft heex alptoesdi wthiioTcnhh Pe o lish Peasant hadi nA meriscoacni oilnto hgpeye rifordo 1m9 2t0o 194T0h.e riens o d outbhtai tnt h1e9 2a0nsd1 93T0hse, Polish wPaevsai seawenextdt ensiinsv oecliyo lcoigricclaels att hfei neexshti obfai dtv anscoecdi olroegsiecaaarnlcd h theoreticTahla ttah nweao lrsykhs oiushla.dv m eo vesdo drastaincdas loql uyi cklyt hficrseo nmtp roasli toifo n sociolcoogniccpeaorlsna e m so sitn terepsrtoibnlfgeo mr socioloofkg nioswtlseT dhgese h.ic fatn nboeat t tributed, ass ommei ghnta ivaeslsyu mtoea , d isplacoefam ent melioirnitsetbriyeac ss cti enitnitfeiTrcheP eso tl;Pi esahs anwta sa ctuaah lulgyse c holeafrfltoyorfi tn do uwth at wagso ionngi nc ontemphourmaarsnyo ciienpt lya ocfe beianp gl afnot rh ree foorfhm u masno ciNeotcrya .n the loosfss o cioliongtieicrnTae hlse t PPoelaisbsaehan stc ribed toa c hartgheat th ger oulpi afnedt hger ouppr oblems witwhh iciwht acso nceranrneeo dl ongaep ra rotfo ur contempwoorralrSdyu. ca hc harhgaens o f oundation whatsoseivntechrewe, o rwka vse rcyl eafrolcyuo snet dh e profound chapnlgaeicsnme o tdaekrinn glg irafoneud p humaenx perienscheif-frttohr meu raaglr,i cullitfuer al tou rbainn,d usltirafineatd lh m ei ngloifpn ego ples from divecrusletb uarcaklg roIunnddeses.dh ,o uilptdo ibnet ed outth aTth omacsh otshePe o lipseho pfloesr t undoyt becaoufsa en ys peciinatle irnet shte mb,ur ta thaesr a convengireonuftpot rh ies olaotfti hopenr oceosfss oes cicahla nagtwe o riknm odesronc iFeutryt.hi ectra ,n not bes awiidt ahnj yu stifitchasatotic oino looftg hpiers etsse nt generahtaivloeon is ntt eirnTe hsPeto lPiesahs baencta use [vi] thweo rdko enso ptr esaenni tn tegraantdce adr efully thoughbto-dooyuf st o ctihaelo troyt ;hc eo ntrTahrey , PolPiesahs caonntt aati hneso reticoaftl h es cnhaetmuer e ofh uman glriotfuhepai ctso mpreheenlsaibvolero,ag te, ic,aa lndv ercyl eNaorr.fi, n aliltsyh ,le o osfss ociological inteirnTe hsPeto lPiesahs taobn ete xplabiyan nea dl leged abseonfce em pirdiacttaahl ag ti vseu ppormte aannidn g tot heex tenssoicvtieha elo prrye sebnytt ehdae u thors. Thec ontriasor,fcy o urtshece,a sper;o banbosl oyc iologi caslt uadnyy whreerfel gercetasdt ielri gaennedcx eh aus tiveinengs ast herreilnegv eamnpti rdiactatalh awna s donient hcea soefT hPeo lPiesahs ant. Weh avteh einnT hPeo lPiesahs aanen xtt enpsiieovcfee sociolroegsicechaap,rlr obambolryee x tentshiavanen y otheevred ro noen;de e vottoet dhs et uadnyda naloyfs is thcee nttrhaelo reptriocbalolef m sc hangpel aticanek ing modern sooncoeip eetrya;wt iitanhc g o mpreheannsdi ve careftuhloluyg htth-eoourtef triacmaelwo onrek ;g ather inagn du sianb go doyfe mpirdiacttaahl a itns izaen d caresfeulle cttoiwoeonrv sew rh aitsu suaplrleys einnt ed sociolroegsiecaaarlnc dho ;n et haetn joyuendr ivaled accloafis mo cioloofig tipsse trsiW ohdy.s housludca h worlka rgely fdriossmao pcpieoalcroo gnicceAar lnm ?� or portoifot nh aen swperro babliynt hlpeiu ezsz lainndg undecipshheirofeftid sn tetrheatstat k pel agceen erally inh umagnr oulpi fes-hai fptrioncgte hsamsto st sociolo gisatrsse c aracwealoryfe a ,n dt havte rfye wi,af n ye,v er studMyu.c hha hsa ppeinnet dh hea lcfe nttuhrayht a s passseidnt chehe e ydoafTy h Peo lPiesahs naenwfit g:u res, newp oinotfvs i enwe,wc lainmeswp, r etennseiwco onns, trovenreswit ehse,o rnieewts a,s, ta ensdn ewp reoccupa tioInnst .h vea sste lecptriovcweeh sisci hsu nderiwna y thcihsu rnairnegnt ahr,ee direocfat titoenna tniidon nt er- [v ii] esitcs o mmonb.e lIit ehvaTeth P eo lPiesahs haanbste en caugihntt h ipsr ocaensdhs a nso fta rweedl ilni tB.u t beyotnhdli osis nsi mportcaanucsbeey td h seh ifotfi ng interTehsPeto slP,ie sahs haancste asteobd e a m odeolf reseaprrcohc eadnudtr he eoraentiaclbayelsc iasou fis tes methodolsotgainScciaenl.tc heim se thodolls otgainccae laaytt hhee aorftm yc ritoifqT uhPeeo lPiesahs aanndt constitthcueet netdcr oanlc oefrt nhs eu bseqcuoennfte r encoefs cholIwa orusl,ld i tkoei denittain fdsy h otwh e inescaipsasbtuloewe sh iicgtha vrei se. Theb aspirce moifsT eh omaansZd n anieacpkpir'osa ch inT hPeo lPiesahs waantsth ahtu magnr oulpic foen soifs ts thien teropf"l oabyj ecatnid"v seu"b jefcatcitvBoeor"ts h. oft hefsaec taordrees c latrobe epd r esienan ntay n edv ery instoafin ncdei vaindcduo alll escotcaiicvateli a onntd,h us botfha ctmourssbt e i ncluidnee xdp lanaotfgi roopnu s lifLeem.te e xpltahipinrs e maisss ei mpalspy o ssiIbtl e. meantsh ianta nayn edv eirnys toafns coeca icatl(i sounc h asa p ersbouny ifnogo adt,t encdhiunrgec nht,e riinntgo marriraogbeb,ai v nigc tsitmu,d yfioanrng e xamiinoant, orap oligtriocouarplg aniacz aimnpga oirgal n e,g islature enactali anwgt) ha ec tiinngd ivoirdg uraoluh pat sod eal witahs eotfo utsciidrec umsptaarntciecsau,s l eaotrf l y groruupl aests oh owt o tahcetcs;ie r cumsatnasdno cceisa l rulceosn sttihtoeub tjee csteitvtoeift n hgge i vleinno ef actiAottn h.se a mtei mteh,ae c t(owrh etihbtee ar ni ndi viduaanol r,g anciozlelde ,co trai nva igtgyreogfai tndei viduaaplpsr)o atchheoesbsej ecctoinvdeiw tiitaosh ne sot f subjedcitsiptvoieso, sin uscahsw ishaepsp,e thiotpeess,, ferasa,v eorns,sii ntentainodpn lsa,nS so.c iaacltn i,oo r what peorpelseuf lrdtotosmh, ce o mbinoaftt hioeob nj ec ticvoen diatnitdoh nsesu bjedcitsipvoes tihtiaitstoos n asy; thaatp ersaocntt so wasrodm ethtihnahgta asg roup [viii] meani(ntgho eb jecftaicvteyo erht)e ,a cttso watrhda t thiinnrg e spotnohs oewh ef eealbso iuattn hdo wh es izes itu p( thseu bjecftaicrvt)eTo. h omaasn dZ naniecki lumpaeldol ft hseu bjefcatcituvonerd set hrce e ntcroanl cepotf" tatituadnetdsh o"eb jecctoinvdei utnidoetnrhs e centcroanlc oepf"t v al.u"Te hses tuadnyd a nalysis of groulpia fnedo ft haec tioofan c tohratsso b em adien teromfts h jeo ipnltao yfa ttitaunvddae lsu Tehsei. m plica tioonft hpirse mfiostreh set uodfys occihaaln (gwei th whicThh omaasn dZ naniweecrkpeir edomincaonntly cernsehdo)u bledc ormeea daiplpya rAesnl to.na gst he valuaensdt haet titiundceistd oea nntly i onefa ctiaroen fixeidnr elattoie oanc h otthhleei rno,efa ction remains constaanndst t abCloen.t rarcihwainsigenea, c tiiosn bountdoo cciuftr h aec twohrop osseass seetsf ioxfe d attiteundceosu nnteewvr asl uoerss o criualloe rsi ,ft he actborri nngeswa ttittuobd eeausrp ofni xveadl uiens ; othewro rds, cshoacniigsate lo b et racteoed i thae r chanignve a lu(eosb jefcatcitvooerarc sh)a nignae t titudes (subjectiver edciosgpnotishzibaitotnit ogohft n hse)fs,ae c torasrn ee cessjaoriinpltryle ysi enen vte irnys toafns coe ciaaclt iTohno.m aasn dZ nanireicvkeitt hetidhs o uignh t theiidre oaf" laowfss ocbieaclo mianl ga"ow;f s ocial becomcionngs iosfatg eidvn eenwa ttiptluadyeui pnogan giveesnt ablviaslohureean d, e wv alpulea yoinan nge stab lisahtetdi tude. Thomaasn dZ naniuescektdih ibsa spirce miosfae n inteyro pfal tatitaundvdea sl uteods e vetlhoeppi rro cedure fotrh set uodfyh umagnr oulpi fSei.ns coec aicatlir oen sulftrsot mh wea yi nw hitchhae c tsoerea sn di nterprets thoeb jecctoinvdei twiiotwnhhs i chheh atso d eailti, s necestsoea mrpyl aom ye thtohda t chaitpsce hrecse ption andh iisn terpreTthaert eisoena.ir ncsht rutmheantt [i x] woulddot hitsh,aw to uladl ltohwie d entifoiftc haet ion subjeeclteimveewn atsf, o Trh omaasn dZ nanitehcek i "humadno cumeTnhtu.st",h u es oef t hheu madno cu menbte catmhepe r edomirneasnetap rrcohc edeumre ploybeydt haeu thionri sd entiafnydai nnagl ytzhien g profosuoncdci haaln tgaekspi lnagic nte h pee assaoncti ety inP olaannddt hper ofocuhnadn igneh su macno nduct ands ociinaslt ittuatkiiponlngas ac meo nPgo liismhm i granitnAs m ericciatnTi heeps r.i mhaurmya dno cuments thtath euys ecdo nsiosf(t )1ve adns utm beorflse twtreirts tebna cakn df ortchh,i eiflnys iodff ea micliyr c(l2ea)s , larnguem boefrv arileihdfi es toarnaidue tso biographical accouannt(ds3 a,)l arnguem boefrc o mmunicfartoimo ns Polpiesohp tlone e wspaipnPe orlsa annddi n t hUen ited StatSetsu.d ewnhtots u rtnoT hPeo lPiesahs aasnIh t o,p e manoyft hnee wgere nerawtibileoll n et dod ow,i flilna dn abundaanlcmeoa,ss tu perabunodfsa uncdchoe c,u men tarmya teruisaebldyts h aeu thtoocr asr oruytt h eainra ly SIS. Nowt,or etutrotn h lei noeft houwghhitc Iwh a esx pressafi enpwga ragrbaapchIkss ,u sptehcattth m ea jor explanoafwt hiyTo hnPe o lPiesahs haanvsta nisfhreoidmt s previpooussi otfioo unt standing iisdm upepo rretance cisteoil typs r emtihsa(e)t 1o nhea tsoi ncltuhdseeu bjec tievlee miennt ths eo ciolaongailcoyafhsl ui msa sno ciety, and( 2t)h aotn ec atcthheiessl emetnhtr ouhguhm an documesnutcashs l ettaenrdls i hfies toArmieersi.c an sociosliongWcyoe r lWda rI Ih assh ifvteermdya rkedly frobmo tohft hepsoes itIiitobs ne sl.i teovdetadhy ag te n eralizaartteio bo esn osu gahntdt haatn alyasrteeo sb e madien t hfeo romf r elatainodcn osr relbaettiwoenesn "objective" vareivaebwnlh eesns. o ciFoulrotghiecra,l scholarasere sn sittosi ov-ec aslulbejde fcatcitvtoehr esy, (x] arhei ghly tuonr leilokynle eltyt aenrdls i hfies totroi es catch such fatchtmeoa rissnt. r eoIafncm o nstheomrtp,o rarsyo cioltohgoiucgiahslnt o tm ereilnyd iffteor ent Thomaasn dZ naniebcaksii'cs pbruestme iesmtesob e vigoroopupsolsye tdh pert eo miTsoie l.tl ruasItf ei,n d it verdyi fftiocc ounlctet ihvaaetnc yo ntempdoirsapreyn ser ofr eseafrucnhdw sh,e tihbtee ra p rivfaotuen daotrai on governmaegnetnawcloy u,lg di vaen ys ericoounss idera tiotnoa r eseaprrcohp otshaawlta d sr awunpi nt eromfs Thomaasn dZ naniebcakspiir'ces m iIsned.e ieitd sn, o t difftioci umlatg tihngeeu ffatwhsa wto ulgdr eaec to n temporsaurbym isosfai nao pnp licfaoftrui nosdnus c ahs Thomaasnd Z naniheacdik nmi i nidnt hesitru odfyt he Polipseha saTnhter. e viewwoeurlsad s tkh feo llowing questWihoanitssy . o uprr oblWehma?it sy oupro pula tioWnh?a itys ourre presesnatmaptoliftev h eap to pula tioHno?wa ryeo guo itnogd evetlhoaspta mpWlhea?it s youcro ntgrrooluW ph?a atr e yvoaruira Wbhlaeityss o? u r hypothWehsaiatsr ?te h ien strutmheayntot uas r geo ing tou set og eyto udra tDao?y ouirn strupmreonvtisd e quantidtaattTaih?vo em awso ulhda vbee etno uor bane ancdo uragaep oeursst ooqn u abielf oabr aer roafsg uec h contempqoureasrtyi hoewn osu;l pdt obahbalvyje u st turnaewdai yna s piorfri itg htdeiosugsAu tsa tnr.ya tiet, issa fteos atyh iahtfe h ad thoar de olnyt hset andoafr ds conteamrpfyo urngdr antaignegn chiiemsso ,n umental stu(d"ym onumehnatbsae let"nh ceu stocmhaarrya cteri zatoifoT nhP eo lhPi essaanwto)u lnde vhearv bee emna de. Thisst arstulrimnsighs oeu flodru cste o a ne xamination andar eexamionfwa htaiItro enf teoar s t hbea smiect h odologiiscsausleeb sty T heP olPiesaahns tT.h esies sues contitnolu ieaet t hceo roefs ociological inquiry despite thceu rrpernotp etnosi igtnyot rheeo mrt od etoaurro und theAmn. examionfta htieis osnwu aeussn dertianmk ye n [x i] critainqidun te h ceo nferoenmn ycc er itique. A reexami natiiosin no rdeirnt, h lei gohfct l otsofe o ryteya orfs develospmientnchtece r itainqtduh ece o nferLeenmtce e . firsstu mmartihziees stuheaswt e rber ougohubtty m y critainqdiu nte h ceo nferdeinscceu osfst ihcoern i tique. Inm yr atheexrt encsriivteIi s qouueg thomt a kteh e follopwoiinnFgti sr,.Ts htomaasn dZ naniheacdsk uis tainreadt hdeerc istihveeciloryn tentthiasoton ca icatli on sprifnrgossm o -called dissupbojseaicnttdtii hovanet s, consequseuncdthil syp,o shiatvtieobeo nisn cluidnae ndy sociolaongailcoyafssl oi csai catliS oenc.ot ndh,ec ilra oifm establliaswohsfis nogcc ihaaln (g"els oa fws ocbieaclo m ingh"a)dn os ubstbaenccaeou fsb ea sdiecf iciienn cies theciorn ceopf"t ast titu"dvea"l Tuaheni.dtr" hd he,u man documetnhtatsth euys ed (lleihtfitese troser,ti cde.is)d, noeti tphreorov red isprtohvveae l iodfti hteygi ern eral izatainodtn hse oredteiccliaaolrn aYste.jt ou,rtdhe,s pite thfea ilouftr hehe u madno cumetnomt ese tth tee osft scienctriift(iercre ipar esenotfad taitavade,en qeusoasfc y datrae,l iaobfid laittaayn, d d ecisiovfed naetstash) e documendtaatdraiyc d l araingfdiy vseu pptootr hte oreti caals seratnidor,ne sc iprtohcteah leloyr,e tical assertions illumiannadct leadr itfhdieae tdta h;si esat n a nomalous relabteitowne tehne oarnydd atiant hues oef h uman documeInittis sn .t eretson toittnehg at thp ea rticiinp ants thceo nferaegnrceete hdaI th ade stabltihsfeho eudr pointthsaI t h avsep eciifnit ehdip sa ragrCaopnh. sequeanstw liylb,lep ercebiyvr eeda dtihnvege rbatim accoouftn htce o nfertehndeci es,c utsusrinolenad r gteol y thdei lemwmhai cIph o seidns ummiunpgm yc ritique; nametlhyao,tn o nhea nidit,as b solnuetceelsyts oia nry clutdhere e levsaunbtj eeclteimveein nat sso ciological analoyfhs uimsa sno ciyeetotyn,t, h oet hhearn tdh,ie n strumentsd o(chuummefanontgr se )t tsiuncsghu bjective [xii] elemednot sna oltl otwom euestt h ceu stocmrairtyfe orri a sciendtaitfai.c Ther eadcearfn o lltohdwei scuasssi tito oonpk l aicne thceo nferweintrchee g atrotd h dei lemwmhai Icp ho sed. Thec onfewreerveees r ayb lsec hoflraorsmso cainapdls y cholosgciiceatnlhc eehy;a dr icbha ckgrooufdn idvse r sifeixepde ritehnewcyee r;se o phistaincdla etaeridnn e d theriers pveetc hteioreticalm poesortfts hpeehmca tdi ves; extenesxipveer iiensn occei olaongdpi scyaclh olroegical searIcithms .o sitn teretsost ehieon wgw, i tthh einsv iable equipmtehneatyd, d retshsceee dn tmreatlh odoldoigical lemmIap .u tth mea ttientr h wiasyt oe mphatshiaztteh e methodoliosgstiuhcewaasetl r rea iisnet dhc eo nsideration ofT hPeo lPiesahs aarnsett wiiltulhs -wiutsih na w atyh at isp erhamposrt ee lltiondgta hya intw asah alcfe ntury agoI.iti s no rdteorr e contshiedmseeert hodolqougeiscal tions. Ourr econsidweirldalet awilio tnth h rfeuen damental methodollq ougeisct(ai)1oi nisstt :r uteh agte nusioncei o logiacnaallo yfhs uimsa gnr oulpih faets oi nclsuujdbee c tifvaec t(o2ri)ssf ;o a ,r "eh umdaonc umeann tesc"e ssary ora ppropirnisattreuf moceran ttc hsiujnbegce tf iavctors; and( 3i)fh u madno cumeanrtaers e quirreesde airnch strumdeotn hte mye etth cer itoefar " isac ienitnisfitcr"u mentT.h er eadsehro uklede ipnm intdh aTth Peo lish Peaswaangstr ounmdeetdh odoloonga inac fafilrlmya tive answteoar l tlh roefet heqsuee stIiw oinssth.oc onsider eacohft hteh rqeuee stions. 1.T hPela coeSf u bjeFcatcsiti vonSer o cioAlnoagilcyasli s. ThomaansdZ naniaercuekn ie quiivnto hceacilor n ten tiotnh astu bjefcatcitvaoerra esn i ntepgarraotlfh uman groulpia fnetd h aatc,c ordtihnemgyul sybt,ei ncluidne d [xiii] sociolaongailcyaasnled ps r oposITthieoitnrhs e.sa iss , stated iastb hoavte ,ab crtiosnrugsb jedcitsipvoes itions (impuwlissehshe,os p,ef se,a arnsx,i eitniteesn,ta inodn s, plantsot) h oeb jecstoicvsieea tlt iinnw ghsi cthh eayc t; actirveistufylr totsmh ceo mbinoaftt ihgoein v seunb jec tidvies posaintdti hogeni sv oebnj ecctonidviet iTohniss. centproasli otfis ounb jedcitsipvoes iistt obi eon nost ed, especiianTl hloym,aa sn dZ nnaiectkhie'osor fsy o cial chanAgcec.o rtdopi anrgot ft htihse oarnyy, objective new socairarla ngceommeenistn to obnelaiysan r ge souftl hte plaoyfn ews ubjedcitsipvoes oint itohnes psroecviiaolu s arrangeAmsIe h natvs.ea iadb ovtehp,ea rticiintp haen ts conferdeenaclweii ntmghy c ritoifTq huPeeo lPiesahs ant dindo tta keex cepttoTi hoonm aansZd n ainecckoin'tse n tioanst ot he unavpoliaadcnaerdb o lloeef s ubjedcitsive positiinho unmsag nr oulpi fYee.tt ,o datyhc,io sn tention isw iderleyj eocrti egdn obryes do ciolIotbg eicsotmse.s advisable, taorc eceoxradmtiihnnieges l sypu,oe s ebdy ThomaansdZ naencikcio'nst enntaimoentl,hyq e,u estion ofw hethseurb jedcitsipvoes hiatvtieoob n eas p arpta,r i paus,os fs ociolaongailcyasli s. Theraert ew poo inotfv si ehwe lbdym ansyo ciologists todwahyi lceha adu tomattiotc haeelx lcyl uosfsi uobnj ec tifvaec tforrossmo ciolsotguiadcnyad l explOannea tion. oft heisste h "eb ehavipoorsiisttthiiaocstn"c ienitnific quirreyq uitrhueess oe f o nl"yo bjecdtaitivanae; c" c or danwciett hhv iise ws,u bajlel(c "tmievnet ailtiessmutsci hc ") asw ishpeusr,p osheosp,ee st,cm .u sbte r igorously exclufdreodrm e seaprrcohc edaunrdfe r otmh eocraelt i proposiTthieo nowsti.hd eers pproeiaondfvt i eiwts h aat humasno ciiesat ney n tiinti yto sw nr igchotn,s iosft ing strucptaurrttahslat tr ansicnednidv iadnuodape lrsa,t ing int hfeo romf i nterabcettiwoetneh nes soec ietal parts. [xiv]
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