Critical Thinking PDF
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Page i Twelfth Edition Critical Thinking Brooke Noel Moore Richard Parker California State University, Chico with help in Chapter 12 from Nina Rosenstand and Anita Silvers Page ii CRITICAL THINKING, TWELFTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2015, 2012, and 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOW 21 20 19 18 17 16 ISBN 978-1-259-69087-7 MHID 1-259-69087-3 Chief Product Officer, SVP Products & Markets: G. Scott Virkler Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Managing Director: David Patterson Brand Manager: Penina Braffman and Jamie Laferrera Director, Product Development: Meghan Campbell Product Developer: Anthony McHugh Marketing Manager: Meredith Leo Director, Content Design & Delivery: Terri Schiesl Program Manager: Jennifer Shekleton Content Project Managers: Jane Mohr, Sandra Schnee, and Samantha Donisi-Hamm Buyer: Laura M. Fuller Design: Studio Montage, St. Louis, MO Content Licensing Specialist: Jacob Sullivan Cover Image: © diephosi/Getty Images RF Compositor: Aptara®, Inc. Printer: R. R. Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Moore, Brooke Noel, author. | Parker, Richard (Richard B.), author. Title: Critical thinking / Brooke Noel Moore, Richard Parker, California State University, Chico; with help in chapter 12 from Nina Rosenstand and Anita Silvers. Description: Twelfth Edition. | Dubuque, IA : McGraw-Hill Education, 2016. Identifiers: LCCN 2016021518 | ISBN 9781259690877 (alk. paper) | ISBN 1259690873 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Critical thinking. Classification: LCC B105.T54 M66 2016 | DDC 160—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021518 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered Page iii Brief Contents Chapter 1 Don’t Believe Everything You Think 1 Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 32 Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 64 Chapter 4 Credibility 93 Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 132 Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 173 Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies 195 Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language 220 Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 242 Chapter 10 Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic 284 Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning 338 Chapter 12 Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning 390 Page v Contents Preface xiv Acknowledgments xx About the Authors xxiv Chapter 1 Don’t Believe Everything You Think 1 Beliefs and Claims 4 Objective Claims and Subjective Claims 4 Fact and Opinion 5 Relativism 6 Moral Subjectivism 6 Issues 6 Arguments 7 Cognitive Biases 14 Truth and Knowledge 20 What Critical Thinking Can and Can’t Do 20 A Word About the Exercises 21 Recap 21 Additional Exercises 23 Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 32 Arguments: General Features 32 Conclusions Used as Premises 33 Unstated Premises and Conclusions 33 Two Kinds of Arguments 34 Deductive Arguments 34 Inductive Arguments 36 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 37 Telling the Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Arguments 37 Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises 38 Balance of Considerations 40 Page vi Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE) 41 What Are Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments 41 Pictures 42 If . . . then . . . Sentences 42 Lists of Facts 42 “A because B” 43 Ethos, Pathos, and Logos 43 Techniques for Understanding Arguments 48 Clarifying an Argument’s Structure 49 Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing 51 Evaluating Arguments 52 Recap 52 Additional Exercises 53 Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 64 Vagueness 65 Ambiguity 67 Semantic Ambiguity 68 Grouping Ambiguity 68 Syntactic Ambiguity 68 Generality 70 Defining Terms 75 Purposes of Definitions 75 Kinds of Definitions 76 Tips on Definitions 77 Writing Argumentative Essays 79 Good Writing Practices 80 Essay Types to Avoid 81 Persuasive Writing 82 Page vii Writing in a Diverse Society 82 Recap 83 Additional Exercises 84 Chapter 4 Credibility 93 The Claim and Its Source 95 Assessing the Content of the Claim 96 Does the Claim Conflict with Our Personal Observations? 96 Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information? 99 The Credibility of Sources 102 Interested Parties 102 Physical and Other Characteristics 103 Expertise 105 Credibility and the News Media 109 Consolidation of Media Ownership 109 Government Management of the News 109 Bias Within the Media 111 Talk Radio 113 Advocacy Television 113 The Internet, Generally 114 Blogs 117 Advertising 118 Three Kinds of Ads 118 Recap 121 Additional Exercises 122 Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 132 Rhetorical Force 133 Rhetorical Devices I 134 Euphemisms and Dysphemisms 134 Weaselers 134 Page viii Downplayers 135 Rhetorical Devices II 137 Stereotypes 137 Innuendo 138 Loaded Questions 139 Rhetorical Devices III 141 Ridicule/Sarcasm 141 Hyperbole 141 Rhetorical Devices IV 142 Rhetorical Definitions and Rhetorical Explanations 142 Rhetorical Analogies and Misleading Comparisons 143 Proof Surrogates and Repetition 147 Proof Surrogates 147 Repetition 148 Persuasion Through Visual Imagery 150 The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery 152 Recap 155 Additional Exercises 156 Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 173 Argumentum Ad Hominem 174 Poisoning the Well 175 Guilt by Association 175 Genetic Fallacy 175 Straw Man 176 False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) 177 The Perfectionist Fallacy 178 The Line-Drawing Fallacy 178 Misplacing the Burden of Proof 179 Begging the Question (Assuming What You are Trying to Prove) 181 Appeal To Emotion 182 Argument from Outrage 182 Page ix Scare Tactics 182 Appeal to Pity 184
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