Critical thinking PDF
Preview Critical thinking
Final PDF to printer Thirteenth Edition Critical Thinking Brooke Noel Moore Richard Parker California State University, Chico with help in Chapter 12 from Nina Rosenstand and Anita Silvers moo41025_fm_i-xxvi.indd i 12/10/19 01:23 PM Final PDF to printer CRITICAL THINKING Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2021 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2017, 2015, and 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21 20 ISBN 978-1-260-57069-4 MHID 1-260-57069-X Cover Image: McGraw-Hill All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered moo7069X_fm_ISE.indd ii 12/24/19 06:04 PM Final PDF to printer Brief Contents Chapter 1 Driving Blindfolded 1 Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 35 Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 73 Chapter 4 Credibility 102 Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 141 Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 185 Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies 207 Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language 233 Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 257 Chapter 10 Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic 305 Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning 362 Chapter 12 Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning 420 moo41025_fm_i-xxvi.indd iii 12/10/19 01:23 PM Final PDF to printer moo41025_fm_i-xxvi.indd iv 12/10/19 01:23 PM Final PDF to printer Contents Preface xviii Changes to the 13th Edition xix Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiv Chapter 1 Driving Blindfolded 1 Beliefs and Claims 4 Objective Claims and Subjective Judgments 4 Fact and Opinion 6 Relativism 7 Moral Subjectivism 7 Issues 7 Arguments 8 Cognitive Biases 15 Truth and Knowledge 21 What Critical Thinking Can and Can’t Do 22 A Word About the Exercises 22 Recap 23 Additional Exercises 24 Answers and Tips 33 Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 35 Arguments: General Features 35 Conclusions Used as Premises 36 Unstated Premises and Conclusions 36 Two Kinds of Arguments 37 Deductive Arguments 37 Inductive Arguments 38 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 40 Two Kinds of Deductive Arguments 40 Four Kinds of Inductive Arguments 41 moo41025_fm_i-xxvi.indd v 12/10/19 01:23 PM Final PDF to printer vi CONTENTS Telling the Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Arguments 42 Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises 44 Balance of Considerations 46 Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments 46 Selfies (and Other Pictures) 46 If . . . Then . . . Sentences 47 Lists of Facts 47 “A because B” 48 Ethos, Pathos, and Logos 48 Techniques for Understanding Arguments 53 Clarifying an Argument’s Structure 54 Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing 56 Evaluating Arguments 57 Recap 57 Additional Exercises 58 Answers and Tips 68 Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 73 Vagueness 74 Ambiguity 76 Semantic Ambiguity 77 Grouping Ambiguity 77 Syntactic Ambiguity 77 Generality 79 Defining Terms 84 Purposes of Definitions 84 Kinds of Definitions 85 Tips on Definitions 85 Writing Argumentative Essays 87 Good Writing Practices 89 Essay Types to Avoid 89 moo41025_fm_i-xxvi.indd vi 12/10/19 01:23 PM Final PDF to printer CONTENTS vii Persuasive Writing 90 Writing in a Diverse Society 91 Recap 92 Additional Exercises 92 Answers and Tips 100 Chapter 4 Credibility 102 The Believability of Claims 103 Does the Claim Conflict with Personal Observation? 104 Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information? 107 Might the Claim Reinforce Our Biases? 108 The Credibility of Sources 111 Interested Parties 111 Physical and Other Characteristics 112 Expertise 113 The News 118 Mainstream News Media 118 Advertising 126 Three Kinds of Ads 126 Recap 129 Additional Exercises 130 Answers and Tips 139 Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 141 Rhetorical Force 142 Rhetorical Devices I 143 Euphemisms and Dysphemisms 143 Weaselers 144 Downplayers 144 Rhetorical Devices II 146 Stereotypes 147 Innuendo 148 Loaded Questions 149 moo41025_fm_i-xxvi.indd vii 12/10/19 01:23 PM Final PDF to printer viii CONTENTS Rhetorical Devices III 150 Ridicule/Sarcasm 150 Hyperbole 151 Rhetorical Devices IV 151 Rhetorical Definitions and Rhetorical Explanations 152 Rhetorical Analogies and Misleading Comparisons 153 Proof Surrogates and Repetition 157 Proof Surrogates 157 Repetition 157 Persuasion Through Visual Imagery 161 The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery 162 Recap 166 Additional Exercises 167 Answers and Tips 183 Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 185 Argumentum Ad Hominem 186 Poisoning the Well 187 Guilt by Association 187 Genetic Fallacy 187 Straw Man 188 False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) 189 The Perfectionist Fallacy 190 The Line-Drawing Fallacy 190 Misplacing the Burden of Proof 191 Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying to Prove) 193 Appeal to Emotion 194 Argument from Outrage 194 Scare Tactics 195 Appeal to Pity 196 Other Appeals to Emotion 197 Irrelevant Conclusion 198 Recap 200 moo41025_fm_i-xxvi.indd viii 12/10/19 01:23 PM Final PDF to printer CONTENTS ix Exercises 200 Answers and Tips 206 Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies 207 Generalizations 207 Generalizing from Too Few Cases (Hasty Generalization) 208 Generalizing from Exceptional Cases 210 Accident 211 Weak Analogy 212 Mistaken Appeal to Authority 213 Mistaken Appeal to Popularity (Mistaken Appeal to Common Belief) 214 Mistaken Appeal to Common Practice 215 Bandwagon Fallacy 216 Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect 217 Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc 217 Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc 221 Slippery Slope 223 Untestable Explanation 224 Line-Drawing Again 225 Recap 225 Exercises 225 Answers and Tips 232 Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language 233 Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle 233 Affirming the Consequent 233 Denying the Antecedent 234 The Undistributed Middle 235 The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly 237 The Fallacies of Composition and Division 239 moo41025_fm_i-xxvi.indd ix 12/10/19 01:23 PM
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