Table Of Content

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CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES: THE age Pnserte s. y i ROLE OF CHEMISTRY AND pesetting filealln accident CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ye nal te be m the origis may hav not froc error Committee on Critical Technologies: The Role of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in book, graphi Maintaining and Strengthening American Technology er po py pae t Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology riginal he od, and som Commission on PhyNsiactailo nSacli eRnecseesa, rMcha tChoeumnactiilcs, and Applications m tne oai ed fre ret creatnot b INTRODUCTION 3 L files er, can MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING 5 Mv m Xowe ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION 20 oh d frng, posematti PUBLIC HEALTH 31 mor coc f INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 43 n reecifi eesp ENVIRONMENT 55 ork has besetting-ution. wpb nal er tyattri e origihnd ot for on hentation of tding styles, aoritative versi his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS (cid:127)Washington, D.C. 1992 oe ue te th PREFACE ii are trse us ks ea aPl bred. PREFACE age Pnserte s. y i pesetting filealln accident ye nal te be reseaTrchhe top uthrpeo dseev oeflo tphmise nret poofr tt eicsh ntoo liodgeinetsi ftyh aatn hda vilel ubsetreant ed ekeemy ecdo cnrtirtiibcuatli oton sth oef e cchoenmomicya,l saencdu rcithye, manicda lw eenllg-bineeinergi nogf m the origis may hav oCthuoeru Onnacftfiiiloc (neN .o RIftC Sw)c aiisne ncrceoesmp amonnidss esTi oteonc hethdne ob lMyo gathyrce Ph Bo 1lo9iac9ry1d. rToenhp eoC rBht eComfS tiThc aebl N eSlaicetiiveoenndca elts hC aartn itdiit c Twaelo cTuhlendco hblnoeog blyoe g(nBieefCsi cSPiTaaln) teoolf (etNhxeaC mTNiPan)tei,o atnhsaesle imRmebpslaeecadtr bcohyf not froc error rfeiesledasr ctoh oinu rc shoecmieitsytr.y A alnthdo cuhgehm thicea dl iesncguisnseioenri nogf roense tahrec hc rfiutincdailn tge cphrnioorliotigeise sw, aths unso th iagnh elixgphltiicnigt otbhjee csitgivnei,f iict ains cheo opfe dth tehsaet book, graphi the reTphoer t rwepilol ritn dsuirrevcetylys bae nweifdite t hrea nfguen doinf gv oitfa lc hteecmhincoallo agnides c htheamt icaarel ehnegaivnieleyr irnegli arenste aorrc he.ven critically dependent on er po chemical or chemical engineering research. Examples were taken from the fields of materials, manufacturing, energy, py pae t transportation, public health, information and communications, and the environment. While loosely following the riginal he od, and som seBtxCrauSmcTtTpu.hlr eeeSs u owbbfao stcerhkkqee u sdcet rnauirttpltiyec bda, yl a i t neelx ceOthaedcnnteosorilbsvoheegir ipi el1 slgu9 rrs9eot1rpua opwtri otie tnovhsfo . altv hpeeld aN naCnniTdn Pgw, maosue ref tocirnomgm amollfyi ta tea gep rpdooeuicpni tdeoedfd s boiyxn tAah ceda iNdffeRemrCeyn. tmI tasep mpmrboeemarcsbh ei,n rtsvh iawtte edor feb uyJs .i tnhLge. om taine Beauchamp (California Institute of Technology), L. L. Hegedus (W. R. Grace & Co.), L. C. Krogh (3M, retired), R. S. ed frcreatnot be ret L(foAarnTmg&aetTr o (BMf etahllse s Lraeacpbhoourrstae,t toltesra iIednsis)n.tg iAt utfotte et hro eft w Tseoel cemhcnetieootlnion gagyns)d, , taFhse. s Sele.m aRdboelywrs lohafin ptdh g e(rU ofuunlpilv caeogrsmrietmeyd io totfe nCe t aholefif tonwranetuinart eya -tof Ifor utvhrie.n Teta)h,s eka n faudtl lLh ca. onFmd. Tmanhidtot meoenp mstohenet L files er, can tcwomicem, uannicda tsioenvse raanl ds tuebxct oemdimtinitgte.e meetings were held as well; the effort was supported by extensive electronic Mv The committee expresses appreciation for the important contributions of a number of organizations and m Xowe individuals. Contributors of the illustrations, taken largely from the annual reports of technology-intensive companies or posed fromatting, h ipdneissrctsiuotusnstaiiolo nncsso, mwarmeer ieat mchkeenlndot w.w Tliehtdheg mepdrao nojyne;c ptt hawgeseae s7 i0an.sc sDlius.d tJee.d RJ .ba Wyb ec.r o,R nBasCkuslSitsiTn ( gsfto afofrdfo mdpia rJec.ck tDaogr.i ,n Iidgso )t,lh Raann. kdWe dM. Rf.o iLrc eah i(sBc edrereacdmqicuiaect. i eoHnnge ailnpnefdus )sl, u tabencsdtha nnJi.tc iFaal.l mor Roth (petrochemicals). coc f n reecifi L. LOUIS HEGEDUS ep ork has beesetting-sution. and SCtrheanigrtmhaenni, nCgo Ammmeirttiecea no nT eCcrhintioclaol gTyechnologies: The Role of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in Maintaining wpb nal er tyattri e origihnd ot for on hentation of tding styles, aoritative versi his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p oe ue te th SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1 are trse us ks ea aPl bred. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS age Pnserte s. y i pesetting filealln accident ye nal te be been Tdheiesm reepdo crtr iutincdael rfsocro rtehse tnhaet iiomnp. oIrtt awnacse wofr icttheenm bicya la acnodm cmheitmteiec aol fe n2g4i nceheerminigst sre asenadr cchh efmori cteacl hennogliongeieerss thanatd hwavaes m the origis may hav cboym thmCisihs esrimeopnioceradtl' sba ynd ditsh ccehu Bessmoioaicnrda l oo efn n sgCuihcnheem eirniicnnagol vrSaectsiieoeannrcsce has sias n pvdlia tTsatlei cctoh pnaao rbltorsog ayfod or rfa atnuhgteoe Nm oaoft bimoilnaeatsel, rRicaeelrssae tmaercicchh n eConlogouignnieec sil,c. oam ppooinnte inlltus,s thraigtehd- not froc error pweirlfl obrem manacdee fpooosds ipbalec kbayg aindgv amnacteesr iianl sc,h aenmdi cmaol dreesrena crcohn.struction materials. To a large extent, the materials of the future book, graphi preseMntas neyx aimmpploerst afnrot mar ethaes mofa nmuafancutfuarcet uorfi npge tdroecpheenmd icoanl sr,e csoeamrcphu tebry- acidheedm cishtesm aincdal cphreomceiscsa ld eesnigginn,e aenrsd. tThhe ep rroecpeosrst er po technology involved in the automated manufacture of plastic films and coatings. py pae t The fields of energy and transportation rely heavily on chemical and chemical engineering research. Such research riginal he od, and som hffcuueaeelslll ss le. efcdro ontmoo mtnhyaet; u dbreaavtlt eeglroaispe,sm cweoniattlh , o ahfni gddhe s sehingaenlereg;r y ag udatesoonmlsiiontbyei; l taeon edmm neieostsv ienolen ew nc oeprnrgotrydo-ulc cotten cpvheenrrfsiqoiourmne sat entchchaent aopnlrodegs eieemrsv iess usvicoehhn ai crsel efqu upeielr recfmeolrelmsn taasnn; dcle isq oaulniaddr om taine Technologies that contribute to improved public health depend significantly on advances in chemistry, ed frcreatnot be ret bidneiocslciughdnee,m tbihsieotr myg,ae tnceherteiiamcl si,ec nabgli oienmnegeedriniincegae lr iodnfeg v,r eiaccneosdm, bbmiinoeadcnhicte amhl uidcmiaalag nne nopgsrtioincteesei, nrtishn,e g g.c ehAneesm tiihlcleuarlsa tpsryaytn,e tdhd eriusnig s tdhoeef l idrvereuprgoysr ,ts , yctoshtmee mpmust,ae nray-na died xmeadme ddpirclueagsl L files er, can imagIinngfo tremchantioolno gaineds .communication technologies are based on materials and processing techniques that are often the Mv products of chemical or chemical engineering research. Optical fibers, nanofabrication technologies, multilayer m Xowe electronic packages, optical interconnection and optoelectronic devices, electronic displays, data storage and retrieval posed fromatting, h sdyosmteiTmnahsne, t a 1rno9dl9 es0si sni ngh lmea-voaest otj meuns mtvliyar onbniepmeunelan tctiaoalln lt eetdec chthnhnoeil qodugeeicesas hd. eeTl pho iifsl lrtuehspetor aerttne pv triheroasten nmptosei nnettx.. aCmhpelemsi fsrtorym aantdm ocshpehmeircica lc heenmgiinsetreyr,i npgro pdluacyt mor life cycle analysis, environmental risk and impact analysis, environmentally friendly manufacturing processes and n recoecific f products, control of ep es ork has besetting-ution. wpb nal er tyattri e origihnd otor on f hentation of tding styles, aoritative versi his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p oe ue te th SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2 are trse us ks ea emissions from mobile and stationary sources, materials recycling, separation and conversion technologies for waste age breas. Py inserted. Pl rpheredoaudrtcuV tfciaitogiinolnu,ne ra teotn,ef ds t hh tdhiegi eshm cc-uilocescrasto naseunelpeele cogctrfatoe scdnoo ilntciontsape mf,i acaicsnnt oiagntrie yogd treo esnfia sttteihensre.- cdfouenptuvthree;r ,t tihannegsd ee ani znnycemlwued teiy npmheia btoietfro icrasal stfa oolyrf scttho temo fbmuatetuienrteg ,t hhceay tp“aeulyrlttteriacnl sociorwan”c kaaniundtg o cmfhororo bntihliece pesetting filealln accident tebanyig,l pirnieIpesneee raemirmncaghin s riyseni so cecnhaa rsescetmahsn,i. s dMtcaroyrodm sostmr ro ceefhc rtecehnimeat llin ycaa teetli ncoehanncnagtolei nldcoer gieintirie icsnsae glv a.terereca hld nsiotraeltocegtsli.ye s ceoitnhneerc dteirde cwtlyit hd etpheen du onnd,e rolry ianrge scuhbesmtanictaial lloyr i ncfhlueemnicceadl ye Chemical and chemical engineering research relies on an effective infrastructure that successfully converts research nal te be results into commercial technologies. This infrastructure utilizes both public and private research funding. Maintaining m the origis may hav aonudr nsatrteionngathl ecnriitnigca tlh tee cinhfnroalsotrguicetsu.re of chemical and chemical engineering research are key to sustaining and advancing not froc error book, graphi er po py pae t riginal he od, and som m tne oai ed fre ret creatnot b L files er, can Mv m Xowe oh d frng, posematti mor coc f n reecifi ep es ork has besetting-ution. wpb nal er tyattri e origihnd otor on f hentation of tding styles, aoritative versi his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p oe ue te th INTRODUCTION 3 are trse us ks ea aPl bred. INTRODUCTION age Pnserte s. y i pesetting filealln accident ye nal te be technToelocghyn oalso gay caos rna enrsattoinoen aol f ptrhioe rintayt.i oAns's theec odneocmadice ocfo mthpee t1i9ti9v0esn eusns,f ohldusm, ainnc rweaeslifnarge ,a tatenndt iosnec iusr ibtye.i nAg sgsievsesnin tgo, m the origis may hav omretcaheiennrt tasltyiun dipniuegbs, l ihasanhvdee d e anriehmpaeondrct isan tgh d aeovvueer l iodtepecninhtignf oiseltodrag stiepcgaeilce ibsf iafcso etre ehcfhafvneeoc tliboneggci eofsem deees rshaelin gpthioa llpi crtioyo rctihhteiae nswg efeolslr -i bnteh sienu gpfe podofer trt aholef gtUhoonvsieteren dtme cSehtnantto.e lsSo, eg1vi eeasrn.a d2l not froc error Ttwheensety r-efiprostr tcse inntduircya.te that a variety of existing and emerging technologies will play essential roles as we approach the book, graphi the naCtihoenm? iTcahle rNesaetiaorncahl aCnridti tchael Tcreicthicnaoll otegciehsn Polaongeile (sN. WCThPat) agrreo tuhpee tde cthhensoel oingtioes m thaatet rhiaalvse, mbeaennu ifdaecntutirfiinegd, ains fcorrimticaatilo tno er po and communications, biotechnology and life sciences, aeronautics and surface transportation, and energy and the py pae t environment. An examination of the specific technologies within these categories suggests that chemical and chemical riginal he od, and som eCcthnroiigtsmii crnmeaeplei ottrteirencte ghs t norrooneln soCeggalriyriect siohc va aeinls rd lT aetepsosc tehihlnnlotuoissaleotl r ogatfitoe et s hmt ehto oeNs dteC exoTpafPem nt. hidIneneem n bct.o hiteTehs h ciwema isBptehaos c,as tmrp deoi cfloi itfncai hcrCy ee mhtxeeiaccmmhainlpc olaaellnos d.gS iTcecihshe enew mcteeeircsce ha adnln eodeelon mTggeyiend cec hceanrrtooeinsglosgo-g rcryiuee tssct eiodnanigrsvc,c heaun nsoesdnde t dhtt hhuinees om taine no separate category was established for them. However, because chemical and chemical engineering research has a ed frcreatnot be ret tshtreo fnePgd uiemrrapplo alsceetv oealnn. dTm haileuirtdeair eiysn tacelecs hoon fa otnlh oiigns icrerese,pa soseirnvtge. rAdael s setirxroean mtgop slleiennsk thi mnaaveteni otb nienael ns g uiopnapcloosr rapt noodrfa Atthemed eginroitacola stn ho itfse csrcheinpeoonlrtoti.fgiyc rheasse barecehn. bTuhiilsd isntugd ayt L files er, can was undertaken to demonstrate this linkage for chemistry and chemical engineering to the national critical technologies. Mv m Xowe oh d frng, posematti mor coc f n reecifi ep es ork has besetting-ution. wpb nal er tyattri e origihnd otor on f R1 Nepaotirot noafl tCher iNticaatilo Tneaclh Cnroiltoicgaiel sT Pecahnneol l(oagpipeosi nPtaende bl,y U th.Se. dGiroevcetornr,m Oefnfti cPer ionft iSncgi eOnfcfeic aen, dW Taeschhinngotloong,y D P.oCli.c, y1)9,91; hentation of tding styles, aoritative versi DSECtcoeaouptnenasocr mtiCml ioocenn nOg tC rpoeopfs mosD,rp et1euf9etni9nti0itsvie;e e asCn,n er1dsi9 tsUi9,c .0GaS.l a. T TiDnheeicenphsgean roNrtemleopwegoni rGett ssor hPof aulCavnonedm ,: b aTem reeeencpr hcdoneirro,t e lEfcoomtgrey edt rh Pgaerti niCbogoor itTmthie emtcshhi etfnto eoerexl oAse gcmoiuneet sriA:vi cerAam a'Ssne uddFr uvSleeteugyrri vsoeil,fca 1eTtis9ev 9coeh1f b n;t rhiTacehna ecUl hanenistd eodf his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth DPMOt2h Coerealgfa niefarceunnyndfse iaeeazgcr iniCatnedulgr rCgiC ittnooihrcgvmeiat e iFElmcr onTaxirmesleu sccTemiuhoentn,ncit ov;Nh oeltnoaw noBtg iolSrioo eacongsnifai e Pceltn hshlAc:a e efcnAmo,a) r T dS r(aeeuRe cmsmSehuptymnrlot ooeoarnldfrto g y oEfge rfoynr otf ,gmh N Raiena ne deNtdciieeor arGennitcnitoao tgRvl na eTeaacrpneltn icodComhr nNrtnes ibonta,i ytltcDio, ao tgTihlnsy eceaT cu BleUh sAcans.hsSioceonal.,n ood C1 glePo9oymga9n apiy1gene ;rso rde M fPs N EsSao.uccngmoieeenlben o,aec mnrMe diTsc. , hT ENPrh.eea,ee rt Ti,fD ooetenhrcmphaealna rAontlmccoeage:dnyet mofy About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p PSBrcueiiesldsn,ic nWegs ,aa sN hNaientiwgotn oAanlll, i AaDcn.aCcde.,e, mN19ay9t io1of;n Eaannl dgA iCcnaoedemreimmngiyt,t ePIenre sostinst, u SWtcei aoesnfh cMien,eg Edtoincngi,ni nDee,. eCTrh.i,ne 1g G9, 9ao2nv.de rPnumbelinct PRoolliec yin, NCaivtiiolinaanl TAeccahdneomloyg oy:f oe ue te th INTRODUCTION 4 are trse us ks ea The committee agreed that its primary audience should be the legislative and executive branches of the U.S. age breas. Py inserted. Pl gcgbheoro evhumeiprginsch mah lsae cesnh ntao.gn oHi nilm oeawepnreodinvr tcgeao rnc,l otlt ehmsgteaem ck toueemn aiincmt ihtehiestert,se th,eh e werae hlrcteohos geomnafa ritzcyheh edf cic ntohhdmea mttm htiehuc inarslei trpryeeo psaroett arlutra cswrehgof eiuun, llfa drinn aads l stslrtoeuima cbdtueue lrroaseft .i i innAng tnb etourhetsehisnietr ert ossvst eut hardynee dniam ctisnap ddtooeur mstcathrincyot : coa ehsuaeedc micheai nsorctefre eyt rhm sae nasiynde pesetting filealln accident urcehnseievmaeTrircsshhtiret yii es cas f,hn udeinnm cd fheieceddam ebl riycar alet lhsa eeena ndfrge cpidnhreei rveaiarnlit fnegr goar.vesseterrnaurmcctheun rltae, b.w oCirtahhte osmriigiecnsa,i fla icnaadnn dti nac dihndedimtuioisctnraailal lef uennngtdiensre pceroriimsnegisn . grA ets ole aaarrcgcaehd peiemsr cibae enfirtnaoggm ec ioonfnd dauucsactrdtyee dma naidct ye from state and local sources. Federal research laboratories have been strong contributors of chemically related energy, nal te be space, and defense technologies, and the U.S. chemical industry has long been a world leader in applied chemical and er book, not from the origipographic errors may hav cuptraohochnpraiacedpntdemeo cbp rTsitiastpiocehttsla aedieetlcn rse d teed rchoin eihranrsgein tsgepci o nba thliaretaoeohc esngnheircocy i onla mp emrgsdraee i epdsrwnnveelscaeeeas i)txellrpo,loca .l ap herainTcnms pdsh thpteeo .eiltrnmifh re tiee ndunl idc laasrartte etiuervseoaareesnersa les)ioarn,hlpc pygiahpmp lp,syl ieopw eans ldmihltte ir ionroodcefenn hs argpg eier r na,sai br enctacauattnhesirrdc icrncaaa h npcll e drtrp(iaeot ordysdgonesperdsa evit ucroseaccas lmhttl ohsli pyo seo(m n trdsayg eeeipp mnlvroidtoceue,oalc dromale lplusy tamshnc te oioaesveunin esmfgttroti hasneorib udftcel io icoxesuaosmahts,mm i.mng dmpNgoeils vereeccarsevocip reaeivnpralxem ltluihir cstsieeetnaenl ctge.fti hos oIlnstrnpa , oi shbssli teo otiof nmrgofiaositrutee m olsgnsur.ece i stnBeinh esaieoun,n r utt aa aigttlfnnhhlhiyddecet py industrial research organizations are encouraging from the standpoint of efficiently converting research into technology. riginal pahe od, and some t RiancefcoceersmSnstcia bidtelieenov ncaee rloi osaup nnamnddea tntlhoetescg hoginnulo sotbh lteoeo, g a aytsnh sdieing t fnhlamoe w gereln osotb ufol aftfls u i neontcfde osilnnl eidoncum tusinytart.lie apIrlnnr ro aeoptsiueoerran tryfaca lrh sict g-aochrmhets amr nheegaardvicnieelg y.c woPsnhuotabrrrliledbisd,u h ttaeehmdde ofsfanclvogieow tnrh atoeibf fili cyns tctieonire fnntohatrtiimifsoi catnr taeiaolnn nddd .i vitsei scriheoanndisci loaylf m tne globalized corporations. Yet support of American research is fully compatible with globalization because it enhances the ed froaie ret proprietary position of American companies and the preeminent position of American research universities. creatnot b L files er, can Mv m Xowe oh d frng, posematti mor coc f n reecifi ep es ork has besetting-ution. wpb nal er tyattri e origihnd otor on f hentation of tding styles, aoritative versi his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p INTRODUCTION 5 agePnsert s. y i pesetting filen accidentall ye nal te be m the origis may hav not froc error book, graphi er po py pae t riginal he o, and somd m tne oai ed fre ret creat bnot L files er, can Mv m Xowe oh d frng, posematti mor coc f n reecifi ep es ork has besetting-ution. wpb nal er tyattri e origind othon for hentation of t ading styles, versioritative his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p oe ue te th INTRODUCTION 6 are trse us ks ea aPl bred. age Pnserte s. y i pesetting filealln accident ye nal te be m the origis may hav not froc error book, graphi FIGURE 1: The U.S. balance of trade. The plots illustrate the continued net positive contribution of the er po chemical industry to the overall U.S. position. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the py pae t Census. riginal m the oned, and som materTTihhaeels U Uit. .SpS.r. occhcheeesmmsieicdcaa lil n t ri1na9dd9ue0 sb.t ra2yl aandcdee, dw haibcohu ht a$s1 b5e3e nb iclloinosni sitne nvtalyl upeo stoit ivthee i na pthper olaxismt daeteclayd $e,1 g3r7e wbi ltloio an swuroprltuhs ooff r$a1w9 oai billion in 1991; by contrast, the United States had a net trade deficit of more than $65 billion in that same year. 3 (See ed fre ret Figure 1.) creatnot b L files er, can Mv m Xowe oh d frng, posematti mor coc f n reecifi ep es ork has besetting-ution. wpb nal er tyattri e origihnd ot for on hentation of tding styles, aoritative versi Hfoyr bmriadn ruefsaicntsu prirnogv iadpep ali ucantiiqounes csoumchb ainsa tthioe ns aoifl bstoraerndg sthh,o swtinff hneerses,. and a smooth, corrosion-resistant surface his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p 231 UCUh..SSe.m. DDiceeappla a&rrttm mEeennngtti nooeff e CCrioonmmg mmNeeerrwccese,,, BDBueurcreeeaamuu b ooeffr tt9hh,ee 1 CC9e9en1ns,s uupssp,, . 1 I4n91d9,u0 4s A3tr;yn J nDuuniaveli 2Ssi9uo,rn v1.e9y9 2o,f pM. 6an2u.facturers, M90(AS)-1. oe ue te th INTRODUCTION 7 are trse us ks ea What about research and development (R&D), our investment in future economic growth? The U.S. chemical age breas. Py inserted. Pl sTientnhedgauuidsns,ite lrRyey r& issn pDwcer neeinrta e $st i1hen2neg .g c7aih tgbseei mlRdli i&ocinnaD l co ihnenex dRmpu&esinctDradyli itianunp r1dep9use,9sa t0arrs, y s1 ttRo2ra &ppteleDagrycy a e actnh ttmia votai ftju itoenorsdt aroiolnu lU bet h.tSieand.t lityynh edeca uoers.cnt rot4ir naiMbol umRotr&eiecso D stvot eer erxi,ntp sgte htinhend tcoiethrfun ertamhetseii;o c n7naa8lat l,ii0 onc0ndo0.um sBstpcruieytet nichtthiaivsesetm snb ieeacsenasndl. pesetting filealln accident rmesaejoarr cehm apcltoivyietri eosf gcoh efmari sbtesy aonndd cthheem aicctaivl ietinegsi noef etrhse i nc hietsm riecsaela irncdhu lsatbryo raaltoonriee.s F.or example, the petroleum industry is a ye nal te be m the origis may hav not froc error book, graphi er po py pae t riginal he od, and som m tne oai ed fre ret creatnot b L files er, can Cskairnb oofn t hfieb Ber- 2r eaidnvfoarncceesd t-hteec phrneocliosgioyn a-cirocnrtaofut.r Tedhe Mv m Xowe Research on polymers that resist high temperatures ccaormbboinn afitbioenr mofa hteigrhia sl tcroenntgrtihb uatneds sliigghntif wiceaingthlyt otof tthhee oh d frng, has resulted in the development of lightweight performance of this unique “flying wing” aircraft. posematti sfiyrnetfhigehtitce rfsa.brics for the protective clothing of mor coc f en repecifi The products of the chemical process industry are quite diverse; some of the more important ones are bulk ork has beesetting-sution. ccmoheaemtminbigcraasnl, see s(lo a(rsogtroagmnainecir cas ,n adsn odian poinsr ogaragnnadicn )di,ce )bt,eu rdlgkreu pngotssl y,a mnspdee rdcsi,i aafglutnyeo lscs thaiecnm dp irlcuoabdlrusi,cc tapsnr, otcsp,a etflaellarytnislttissz eaarnnsdd, paeedxssptiolcoribsdieevnset ssa,,n decle efrucantmrgoiinccsiic,d epasnl,a dps tapiichn otfsti olamnnisdc, wpb materials, functional polymers (e.g., adhesives), biomaterials, food products, and synthetic fibers. These products have a nal er tyattri broad influence on U.S. commerce. Consider, for example, polymers and the effects that they have on our everyday e origihnd ot for on lliivgehste. rF aonrd a suttroomngoebri lpeos,l ypmoelyr mcoemrs pnoeseitde st ow boeu lsdt roofnfgere rf,u leilg shatevri,n gasn,d e nmhoarnec ereda sdailfye tyre, cayncdl ahbilgeh. eIrn p aeerrfoosrmpaacnec ea.p Ipnli dcaetfieonnsse, hentation of tding styles, aoritative versi aIrmepcppylrcioclvaabteidiol intpsyo, lanynemdwe rpso lfyomr feorso dw pilal clkeaadg itnhge pwearym aits smafaet edreialilvs eorfy c oofn sftoroudc titoon a f olarr mgearn fyr ancetwio nw oefa ptohne sw soyrsltde'ms sh ucnogmrpyo, nwehnitlse. his new digital represhs, word breaks, heaublication as the auth About this PDF file: Tthe original; line lengtprint version of this p 4 Chemical & Engineering News, August 19, 1991, pp. 53, 55.