Critical Reading Critical Thinking: Focusing on Contemporary Issues : Pearson New International Edition

412 Pages·2013·7.408 MB·English

by  Richard Pirozzi, Gretchen Starks-Martin, Julie Dziewisz

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ISBN 978-1-29202-374-8
9 781292 023748
Critical Reading, Critical Thinking:
Focusing on Contemporary Issues
R.Pirozzi G.Starks-Martin J.Dziewisz
Fourth Edition
ISBN 10: 1-292-02374-0
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02374-8
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England and Associated Companies throughout the world
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book by such owners.
ISBN 10: 1-292-02374-0
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02374-8
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Printed in the United States of America
1122334517381501575133153
P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
Glossary
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 1
1. Understanding Vocabulary: A Review
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 5
2. Understanding What You Read: A Review
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 53
3. Critical Thinking and Contemporary Issues
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 117
4. Basic Problem Solving
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 175
5. Using Inference
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 231
6. Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 283
7. Recognizing Purpose and Tone
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 313
8. Looking at Advertisements and the Internet with a Critical Eye
Richard Pirozzi/Gretchen Starks-Martin/Julie Dziewisz 351
Index 405
I
II
Glossary
From Glossary of Critical Reading, Critical Thinking: Focusing on Contemporary Issues,Fourth Edition.
Richard Pirozzi, Gretchen Starks-Martin, Julie Dziewisz. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Published by Pearson Longman. All rights reserved.
1
Glossary
abstract thinking thinking that is “outside the box” skills that enable the reader to separate important
or apart from a literal meaning information, use inference to come to logical
aids to understanding elements that make a book conclusions, distinguish between facts and opinions,
easier to use and determine a writer’s purpose and tone
antonyms words that have opposite meanings critical thinking a very careful and thoughtful way of
appendix section of a book containing supplementary dealing with events, issues, problems, decisions, or
situations
information
asking questions and finding answers engaging denotation the literal or dictionary definition of a word
in critical thinking details bits of information that flesh out the main idea
bias lack of impartiality or objectivity of a paragraph
bibliography list of works consulted while researching fact a piece of knowledge that can be confirmed as
a book or an article accurate in a reliable and unbiased manner
caption explanation of a graphic aid figurative language language that is a symbolic
representation of a concept. “She sings like a bird”
cause and effect pattern of organizationbased on
means the person has a melodious voice, not that she
explaining why something happened
sounds like a real bird like a robin or meadowlark.
central message the main ideaof a piece of writing
finding answers part of engaging in critical thinking
longer than one paragraph
flexible thinking considering various possibilities
clear purpose a specific objective of critical thinking,
before coming to a conclusion
such as an explanation, a solution, or a decision
clue words words that emphasize a value, judgment, glossary list of relevant terms and their definitions,
arranged alphabetically
feeling, or tone that an individual has toward a
subject. Also called value words graphic aids illustrative aids to understandingsuch as
communication skills creating meaning using charts, graphs, maps, pictures, and tables
listening, speaking, reading, writing, and/or highlighting using a marker to stress and focus on the
nonverbal skills most important information in a passage
comparison and contrast pattern of organizationfor index list of cross-references, arranged alphabetically by
presenting detailsby pointing out similarities and topic
differences inference an “educated guess” based on knowledge,
concept cards cards that are similar to flash cards in experience, and circumstantial evidence or clues
the way they look and are also used to learn and informed opinion the opinionof an expert who is well
review new terms or concepts versed in the relevant facts
concept mapping a textbook reading strategy using irony the use of words to mean their opposite for
categorization and organization of material in a visual humorous or sarcastic effect
picture. Diagrams, or maps, can take different forms KWL (What I Know, What I Want to Know, What I
and are drawn to show the relationship of ideas. Learned) requires students to access their prior
connotation other meanings or suggestions of a word knowledge, by establishing a purpose for reading as
that usually portray a specific tone or feeling they determine what information they want to know
contemporary issues current topics of interest and about the topic, and by identifying what they
debate learned while reading
context the surrounding words in a sentence that make learning aids see aids to understanding
the specific meaning of a word clear listening comprehension a receptive process
credits list of sources of material appearing in a book whereby one hears, thinks about, and draws
that are not original to the book understanding from the spoken word
critical reading high-level comprehension of written logical conclusions determinations based on rational
material requiring interpretation and evaluation consideration of all the facts
2
Glossary
main idea a sentence (stated or not) that summarizes simple listing of facts lists of detailsused as a pattern
the sense of an entire paragraph of organization
major details bits of information that explain the skimming glancing over a text quickly
main ideaof a paragraph solution means by which we rid ourselves of problems
minor details bits of information that make major SQ4R (Survey, Question, Read, Record, Recall, Review) a
detailsmore specific study-reading strategy that requires students to
mood see tone develop questions to be answered during the reading
notes additional information or source identification, process and then used for reviewing the material
usually collected at the end of a chapter or book subjective exhibiting an opinion, a view, a biased
objective exhibiting ideas that are unbiased or thought, or a personal judgment
impartial; factual suffix a word part added after a root or word to create a
opinion a personal judgment new word or affect the way a word is used
opposing viewpoints conflicting opinionsregarding suggested readings see reference sources
the same issue summarizing shortening or condensing information
organization making the most productive use of or the main points of a passage by using many of the
limited time writer’s own words
overviewing skimminga text to get acquainted with it synonyms words that have the same or almost the
paraphrasing shortening or condensing information same meaning
or the main points of a passage by rewording or table of contents list of the parts, chapters, and
substituting your own words for those of the author subheadings of a book
patterns of organization arrangements of factsto testimonial involves the endorsement of a product
clarify detailsand main ideas or idea by a famous person. Many testimonials use
preface introductory chapter in a book athletes or movie celebrities to sell their merchandise.
prefix a word part added before a root or word to thinking and viewing nonverbal communication skills
change its meaning or create a new word time and effort essential requirements of critical
prejudice viewpoint adopted without consideration of thinking
all the factsor other possible viewpoints time sequence pattern of organizationin which events
previewing skimmingto familiarize oneself with the are recounted chronologically
material title formal name given to a book, article, chapter,
problem any question or matter involving doubt, graphic aid, or other book element
uncertainty, or difficulty title page page indicating title, author, publisher, and
productive language the ability to construct edition of a book
meaning by speaking and writing tone a writer’s attitude or feeling toward the topicbeing
purpose reasons for writing written about
random thinking thinking with no clear purpose in topic the subject of a paragraph
mind topic sentence a sentence in a paragraph stating the
rationale specific reason or reasons supporting a main ideaof that paragraph
viewpoint transition words words used to introduce patterns of
receptive language the ability to understand by organization
nc. reading and listening unbiased evenhanded, objective, impartial, or without
n, I reciprocal language communication skills that have prejudice; factual
o
ati a return or reciprocal relation such as listening and unstated main idea a statement not appearing in a
uc speaking, and reading and writing paragraph that summarizes the main ideaof that
d
n E reference sources works recommended for further paragraph
o
ars reading on a given subject value words words that emphasize a value, judgment,
2 Pe research process of gathering information to increase feeling, or tone that an individual has toward a
01 knowledge of a topic subject. Also called cluewords
2
©ht root the basic part or stem from which words are derived word part a root, prefix, or suffix
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Understanding
Vocabulary: A Review
From Chapter 1 of Critical Reading, Critical Thinking: Focusing on Contemporary Issues,Fourth Edition.
Richard Pirozzi, Gretchen Starks-Martin, Julie Dziewisz. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Published by Pearson Longman. All rights reserved.
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