Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution 1914-1921

800 Pages·2001·22.926 MB·English

by  Edward Acton (editor), Vladimir Cherniaev (editor), William Rosenberg (editor)

Critical Companion to
the Russian Revolution
1914-1921
EDWARD ACTON,
VLADIMIR CHERNIAEV
a WILLIAM G ROSENBERG
CRITICAL COMPANION
TO THE
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1914-1921
CRITICAL COMPANION
TO THE
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1914-1921
Edited by
Edward Acton
Professor of Modern European History
University of East Anglia, Norwich
Vladimir lu. Cherniaev
Senior Research Scholar
Institute of Russian History, RAN, St Petersburg
William G. Rosenberg
Professor of Modern Russian and Soviet History
University of Michigan
~
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Contents
List of contributors
Vlll
List of maps XVll
Acknowledgements and note on transliteration and dates xvm
I. INTRODUCTION
The Revolution and its Historians: the Critical Companion
in Context Edward Acton 3
Interpreting Revolutionary Russia William G. Rosenberg 18
II. THE REVOLUTION AS EVENT
Russia, Europe and World War I Dominic Lieven 37
The February Revolution Tsuyoshi Hasegawa 48
The April Crisis Ziva Ga/iii 62
The Breakdown of the Imperial Army in 1917 Allan Wildman 69
The October Revolution Alexander Rabinowitch 81
The Civil War: The Military Campaigns Evan Mawdsley 93
Foreign Intervention David S. Foglesong 106
The Tenth Congress of the Communist Party and the Transition
to NEP Sergei V. larov 115
III ACTORS AND THE QUESTION OF AGENCY
Chernov Michael Melancon 131
Kerensky Boris I. Kolonitskii 138
Lenin Robert Service 150
Martov Israel Getz/er 161
Miliukov Raymond Pearson 168
Nicholas II Dominic Lieven 176
Spiridonova Alexander Rabinowitch 182
Trotsky Vladimir Ju. Cherniaev 188
vi Contents
Tsereteli Ziva Ga/iii and Albert P. Nenarokov 197
The White Generals Vladimir Ju. Cherniaev 206
IV PARTIES, MOVEMENTS, IDEOLOGIES
Anarchists Vladimir Ju. Cherniaev 221
The Bolshevik Party Robert Service 231
The Communist Opposition: From Brest-Litovsk to the
Tenth Party Congress Robert V. Daniels 245
The Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets)
William G. Rosenberg 256
The Mensheviks in 1917: From Democrats to Statists Ziva Ga/iii
and Albert P. Nenarokov 267
The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs),1917-1920
Michael Melancon 281
The Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 1917-1918
Michael Melancon 291
V INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL CULTURES
The Soviet State Robert Service 303
The Cheka Alter L. Litvin 314
The Constituent Assembly Nikolai N. Smirnov 323
Education, Schools and Student Life Aleksei R. Markov 334
Factory Committees Steve Smith 346
Family, Marriage and Relations Between the Sexes Elizabeth Waters 359
Peasant Armies Orlando Figes 370
The Press and the Revolution Boris J. Kolonitskii 381
The Provisional Government Howard White 391
The Red Army Francesco Benvenuti 403
The Russian Orthodox Church Mikhail V. Shkarovskii 416
The Soviets Nikolai N. Smirnov 429
Town and City Government Nikolai N. Smirnov 438
The Trade Unions Diane P. Koenker 446
The Village Commune and Rural Government Orlando Figes 457
The White Armies Evan Mawdsley 468
VI SOCIAL GROUPS, IDENTITIES, CUL TURES AND
THE QUESTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS
The Aristocracy and Gentry Dominic Lieven 481
Bolshevik Cultural Policy Christopher Read 490
The Cossacks Shane O'Rourke 499
The Emigration Robert C. Williams 507
The Intelligentsia Jane Burbank 515
The Lower Middle Strata in 1917 Daniel Orlovsky 529
Contents vii
Officers Peter Kenez 534
The Peasantry Orlando Figes 543
Refugees in the Russian Empire, 1914-1917: Population
Displacement and Social Identity Peter Gatrell 554
The Role of Ritual and Symbols Richard Stites 565
Russian Industrialists and Revolution Peter Gatrell 572
Soldiers and Sailors Evan Mawdsley 584
Women and the Gender Question Barbara Evans Clements 592
Workers Sergei V. Iarov 604
VII ECONOMIC ISSUES AND PROBLEMS OF EVERYDAY LIFE
Grain Monopoly and Agricultural Transformation: Ideals and
Necessities Lars T. Lib 621
Problems of Social Welfare and Everyday Life
William G. Rosenberg 633
War Communism Silvana Malle 645
VIII NATIONALITY AND REGIONAL QUESTIONS
Nationality Policies Ronald G. Suny 659
The Revolution in the Baltics: Estonia and Latvia Olavi Arens
and Andrew Ezergailis 667
The Revolution in Central Asia Martha 'Brill Olcott 679
The Jews John D. Klier 693
The Revolution and Civil War in Siberia Alan Wood 706
The Revolution in Transcaucasia Ronald G. Suny 719
Ukraine Mark von Hagen 728
Glossary and abbreviations 741
Index of names 743
Index of subjects 770
Contributors
Edward Acton
University of East Anglia
Alexander Herzen and the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary (1979);
Rethinking the Russian Revolution (1990); Russia: The Tsarist and Soviet
Legacy (1995).
Olavi Arens
Armstrong State College
'The Estonian Maapaev during 1917', in V. Stanley Vardys and Romuald J.
Misiunas, eds., The Baltic States in Peace and War, 1917-1945 (1978); 'The
Estonian Question at Brest-Litovsk', Journal of Baltic Studies 25 ( 1994 ).
Francesco Benvenuti
University of Bologna
The Bolsheviks and the Red Army, 1918-1922 (1988); 'Reforming the
Party: Organization and Structure, 1917-1990', in Catherine Merridale and
Christopher Ward, eds., Perestroika: The Historical Perspective (1991);
'Industry and Purge in the Donbass', Europe-Asia Studies 45 (1993).
Jane Burbank
University of Michigan
Intelligentsia and Revolution: Russian Views of Bolshevism, 1917-1921
(1986); 'Lenin and the Law in Revolutionary Russia', Slavic Review 54
(1995); 'Discipline and Punish in the Moscow Bar Association', Russian
Review 54 (1995); 'Were the Russian lntelligenty Organic Intellectuals?', in
Leon Fink, Stephen T. Leonard and Donald M. Reid, eds., Intellectuals and
Public Life (1996).
Vladimir lur' evich Cherniaev
Institute of Russian History, RAN, St Petersburg
Editor and contributor, 'Rossiiskoe dvoevlastie i protsess samoopredeleniia
Finliandii', in Anatomiia revoliutsii. 1917 god v Rossii: massy, partii, vlast'
Contributors ix
(1 994 ); 'Eticheskii kommunizm epokhi grazhdanskoi voiny', in S. I.
Polotov, ed., Rabochie i rossiiskoe obshchestvo. Vtoraia polovina
XIX-nachalo XX veka. Sbornik statei i materialov posviashchennyi pamiati
0. N. Znamenskogo (1994); 'Gibel' dumskoi monarkh_ii. Vremennoe pravi
tel'stvo i ego reformy', in B.V. Anan'ich, ed., Vlast' i reformy. Ot samod
erzhavnoi k sovetskoi Rossii ( 1996); 'Uchenyi vlast' i revoliutsiia: parabola
sud'by N.S. Tagantseva', in T.M. Kitanina, ed., Intelligentsiia i rossiiskoe
obshchestvo v nachale XX veka (1996).
Barbara Evans Clements
University of Akron
Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai (1979); with Barbara
Alpern Engel and Christine D. Worobec, eds., Russia's Women:
Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation (1991 ); Daughters of
Revolution: A History of Women in the USSR (1994); Bolshevik Women
(1997).
Robert Daniels
University of Vermont
The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia
(1960); Red October: The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 (1968); Trotsky,
Stalin and Socialism (1991); The End of the Communist Revolution (1993).
Andrew Ezergailis
Ithaca College
The 1917 Revolution in Latvia (1973}; The Latvian Impact on the
Bolshevik Revolution (1983); The Holocaust in Latvia (1996).
Orlando Figes
Trinity College, Cambridge
Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution
(1917-1921) (1989); A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution,
1891-1924 (1996); 'The Russian Revolution of 1917 and its Language in
the Village', Russian Review 56 (1997).
David S. Foglesong
Rutgers University
'Xenophon Kalamatiano: An American Spy in Revolutionary Russia?',
Intelligence and National Security 6 (1991); 'A Missouri Democrat in
Revolutionary Russia: Ambassador David R. Francis and the American
Confrontation with Russian Radicalism in 1917', Gateway Heritage 12
(1992); 'The United States, Self-Determination, and the Struggle Against
Bolshevism in the Eastern Baltic Region, 1918-1920', Journal of Baltic
Studies 26 (1995); America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: US
Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 19F-1920 (1995).
Contributors
X
Ziva Galili
Rutgers University
With Leopold Haimson and Richard Wortman, eds., The Making of Three
Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past (1987); The
Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution: Social Realities and Political
Strategies (1989); with Leopold Haimson and Albert P. Nenarokov, eds.,
Men'sheviki v 1917 godu, 4 vols. (1994-7).
Peter Gatrell
University of Manchester
The Tsarist Economy 1850-1917 (1986); 'The First World War and War
Communism, 1914-1920', in Robert W. Davies, Mark Harrison and Steven
G. Wheatcroft, eds., The Soviet Economic Transformation, 1913-1945
(1993); Government, Industry and Rearmament in Russia, 1900-1914: The
Last Argument of Tsarism (1994 ).
Israel Getzler
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat ( 1967); intro.
to lu. 0. Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata (1975); Kronstadt, 1917-1921:
The Fate of a Soviet Democracy (1983).
Mark von Hagen
Columbia University
Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet
Socialist State, 1917-1930 (1990); 'Does Ukraine Have a History?', Slavic
Review 54 (1995); 'The Great War and the Mobilization of Ethnicity in the
Russian Empire', in Barnett Rubin, ed., Empire, Nations, Regions: Political
Change and Order in the Former Soviet Space (1996); with Karen B~rkey,
eds., After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building. The Soviet
Union and the Russian, Habsburg, and Ottoman Empires (1997).
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
University of California, Santa Barbara
The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917 (1981 ); 'Crime, Police, and Mob
Justice in Petrograd during the Russian Revolution of 1917', in Charles E.
Timberlake, ed., Religious and Secular Forces in Late Tsarist Russia (1992);
'Crime and Police in Revolutionary Petrograd, March 1917-March 1918:
Social History of the Russian Revolution Revisited', Acta Slavica Iaponica
(1995).
Sergei Viktorovich Iarov
Institute of Russian History, RAN, St Petersburg
'Kronshtadtskii miatezh v vospriiatii petrogradskikh rabochikh (po neo
publikovannym dokumentam)', Zven'ia. Istoricheskii al'manakh 2 (1992);
'Uchreditel'noe sobranie v politicheskikh diskussiiakh 1918 g.', in P.A.