Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult

1800 Pages·2013·135.193 MB·English

by  Joseph E. Parrillo, R. Phillip Dellinger

CRITICAL CARE
MEDICINE
PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS
AND MANAGEMENT
IN THE ADULT

Fourth Edition
CRITICAL CARE
MEDICINE
PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS
AND MANAGEMENT
IN THE ADULT
Joseph E. Parrillo, MD
Chairman, Heart and Vascular Hospital
Hackensack University Medical Center
Professor of Medicine
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Hackensack, New Jersey
R. Phillip Dellinger, MD, MS
Professor of Medicine
Cooper Medical School of Rowan University
Director, Critical Care
Cooper University Hospital
Camden, New Jersey
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE: PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS ISBN: 978-0-323-08929-6
AND MANAGEMENT IN THE ADULT
Copyright © 2014 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2008, 2002, 1995 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Critical care medicine : principles of diagnosis and management in the adult / [edited by]
Joseph E. Parrillo, R. Phillip Dellinger.—4th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-08929-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. Parrillo, Joseph E. II. Dellinger, R. Phillip.
[DNLM: 1. Critical Care. 2. Intensive Care Units. WX 218]
RC86.7
616′.028—dc23
2013014389
Executive Content Strategist: William R. Schmitt
Senior Content Development Specialist: Janice M. Gaillard
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Senior Project Manager: Sharon Corell
Senior Book Designer: Louis Forgione
Printed in China.
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our families
Gale, Nicholas, and Jenny Parrillo
and
Kate, Walker, Lauren, Reid, and Meg Dellinger
Contributors
Wissam Abouzgheib, MD, FCPP Thomas P. Bleck, MD, FCCM
Section Head, Interventional Pulmonary and Assistant Professor, Neurological Sciences, Neurosurgery, Internal
Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Medicine, and Anesthesiology, Rush Medical College,
Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey Associate Chief Medical Officer, Critical Care, Rush
University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
David Anthony, MD
Staff Anesthesiologist and Intensivist, Cardiothoracic Frank Bowen, MD
Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cooper University
Ohio Hospital, Camden, New Jersey
Shariff Attaya, MD Susan S. Braithwaite, MD
Fellow, Cardiovascular Disease, Rush University Medical Visiting Clinical Professor, Medicine, University of
Center, Chicago, Illinois Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Staff Physician, Saint
Francis Hospital, Evanston, Illinois
Robert A. Balk, MD
Director of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pietro Carioni, MD
Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei
Professor of Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano,
Illinois Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza
Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda–Ospedale
Richard G. Barton, MD Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
University of Utah Medical Center, Department of
Surgery, Salt Lake City, Utah Eleonora Carlesso, MD
Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei
Thaddeus Bartter, MD Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Interventional Pulmonologist, University of Arkansas for
Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas Rodrigo Cartin-Ceba, MD
Consultant, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo
C. Allen Bashour, MD Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Staff, Department of
Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Anesthesia Institute, Maurizio Cecconi, MD, MD (UK), FRCA
Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine,
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio St. George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, Honorary Senior
Lecturer, St. George’s University of London, London,
Carolyn Beckes, MD United Kingdom
Professor of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan
University, Chief Medical Officer, Cooper University Louis Chaptini, MD
Hospital, Camden, New Jersey Assistant Professor of Medicine, Section of Digestive
Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine,
Emily Bellavance, MD New Haven, Connecticut
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Surgical
Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Lakhmir S. Chawla, MD
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, George
Washington University Medical Center, Washington,
Karen Berger, PharmD District of Columbia
Neurocritical Care Clinical Pharmacist, New York
Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, Ismail Cinel, MD, PhD
New York Professor of Anesthesiology, Marmara University School of
Medicine, Director, Intensive Care Unit, Chief Medical
Julian Bion Officer, Marmara University Education and Research
Professor of Intensive Care Medicine, University of Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
vii
viii Contributors
T. R. Craig, PhD, MRCP, MB, BCh, BAO E. Wesley Ely, MD, MPH
Specialist Registrar, Critical Care Medicine, Regional Professor of Medicine, Department of Allergy, Pulmonary
Intensive Care Unit, Royal Hospitals, Belfast HSC Trust, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University
Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
Brendan D. Curti, MD Henry S. Fraimow, MD
Director, Biotherapy and Genitourinary Oncology Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Research, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Diseases, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University,
Oregon Camden, New Jersey
Quinn A. Czosnowski, PharmD John F. Fraser, MB ChB, PhD, MRCP, FFARCSI,
Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of FRCA, FCICM
Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy Administration, Professor in Intensive Care Medicine, Director of Critical
University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Care Research Group, University of Queensland School
of Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane,
Marion Danis, MD Australia
Chief, Bioethics Consultation Service, Department of
Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Yaakov Friedman, BA, MD
Maryland Associate Professor of Medicine, Rosalind Franklin
University of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
R. Phillip Dellinger, MD, MS
Professor of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan Brian M. Fuller, MD
University, Director, Critical Care, Cooper University Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology and Emergency
Hospital, Camden, New Jersey Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Fedele J. DePalma, MD
Gastroenterology Associates, Newark, Delaware Ognjen Gajic, MD, MSc
Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care
Jose Diaz-Gomez, MD Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Staff Anesthesiologist/Intensivist, Cardiothoracic
Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Assistant Professor of Luciano Gattinoni, MD, FRCP
Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica
Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano,
Ohio Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza
Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda–Ospedale
Hisham Dokainish, MD, FRCPC, FASE, FACC Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Associate Professor of Medicine, McMaster University,
Director of Echocardiography, Hamilton Health Nandan Gautam, MRCP, DICM, FRCP, FFICM
Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Consultant, Medicine and Critical Care, University
Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Guillermo Domínguez-Cherit, MD, FCCM
Director, División of Pulmonary, Anesthesia, and Critical Martin Geisen, MD
Care, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Clinical and Research Fellow, Department of Intensive
Nutrición “Salvador Zubiran,” Mexico City, Distrito Care Medicine, St. George’s Healthcare NHS Trust,
Federal, Mexico London, United Kingdom
David J. Dries, MSE, MD Fredric Ginsberg, MD
Assistant Medical Director, Department of Surgery, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular
HealthPartners Medical Group/Regions Hospital, Disease, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University,
St. Paul, Minnesota, Professor of Surgery and Camden, New Jersey
Anesthesiology, Department of Surgery, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota H. Warren Goldman, MD, PhD
Professor and Chairman of Neurosurgery, Cooper Medical
Lakshmi Durairaj, MD School of Rowan University, Chief of Neurosurgery,
Associate Professor, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Cooper University Hospital, Medical Director, Cooper
and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Neurological Institute, Cooper University Hospital,
Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa Camden, New Jersey, Professor of Surgery, Rutgers
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick,
Adam B. Elfant, MD New Jersey
Associate Professor of Medicine, Associate Head Division
of Gastroenterology, Cooper University Hospital,
Camden, New Jersey
Contributors ix
Bala K. Grandhi, MD, MPH George Karam, MD
Assistant Director, Internal Medicine Residency Program, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Louisiana
Central Michigan University, Saginaw, Michigan State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana
A. B. J. Groeneveld, Prof. Dr., FCCP, FCCM
Professor Doctor, Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Steven T. Kaufman, MD
Netherlands Assistant Professor of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, Cooper University Hospital, Camden,
David P. Gurka, PhD, MD, FACP, FCCP New Jersey
Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Rush Medical College, Director, Section of Critical Care Jason A. Kline, MD
Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Assistant Professor of Medicine, Nephrology, Cooper
Medicine, Department of Medicine, Director, Surgical Medical School of Rowan University, Camden,
Intensive Care Unit, Assistant Chief Medical Officer for New Jersey
Critical Care and Safety Quality, Rush University
Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Zoulficar Kobeissi, MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of
Marilyn T. Haupt, MD Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/The Methodist
Chair and Interim Program Director, Internal Medicine, Hospital, Houston, Texas
Central Michigan University College of Medicine,
Saginaw, Michigan Anand Kumar, MD
Associate Professor, Section of Critical Care Medicine,
Dustin M. Hipp, MD, MBA Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba,
Resident Physician, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Winnipeg, Canada, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson
College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Medical School, Camden, New Jersey
Houston, Texas
Neil A. Lachant, MD
Michael J. Hockstein, MD Chief, Section of Hematology, Cooper Cancer Institute,
Medical Director, 4G SICU, Department of Surgery, Cooper University Hospital, Professor of Medicine,
Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden,
District of Columbia New Jersey
Steven M. Hollenberg, MD Franco Laghi, MD
Professor of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical
University, Director, Coronary Care Unit, Cooper Care Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch
University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Edward Hines Jr.
Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois
Robert C. Hyzy, MD
Associate Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Rekha Lakshmanan, MD
Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Intensivist, Critical Care, Mercy Hospital St. Louis,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan St. Louis, Missouri
Hani Jneid, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI Stephen E. Lapinsky, MB, BCh, MSc, FRCPC
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director of Interventional Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto,
Cardiology Research, Baylor College of Medicine, The Site Director, Intensive Care Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital,
Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Laura S. Johnson, MD Marc Laufgraben, MD, MBA
Trauma Surgery, Washington Hospital Center, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology,
Washington, District of Columbia Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cooper Medical School of
Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey
Robert Johnson, MD
General Surgery, Thoracic Surgery, Saint Louis University G. G. Lavery, MD, FJFICMI, FFARCSI
Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri Clinical Director, HSC Safety Forum, Public Health
Agency, Consultant, Critical Care, Royal Hospital,
Amal Jubran, MD Belfast HSC Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland,
Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care United Kingdom
Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola
University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, Section Kenneth V. Leeper, Jr., MD
Chief, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Edward Professor of Medicine, Division of Medicine/Pulmonary
Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois and Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, Georgia
x Contributors
Dan L. Longo, MD Christopher B. McFadden, MD
Deputy Editor, New England Journal of Medicine, Assistant Professor, Medicine, Cooper Medical School of
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey
Massachusetts
Todd A. Miano, PharmD
Ramya Lotano, MD, FCCP Pharmacy Clinical Specialist, Surgical Critical Care,
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey Pennsylvania
Vincent E. Lotano, MD Thomas R. Mirsen, MD
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Division of Associate Professor, Neurology, Cooper Medical School of
Thoracic Surgery, Director of Thoracic Surgery, Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey
Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Manoj K. Mittal, MBBS
Dennis G. Maki, MD Neurocritical Care Fellow, Neurology, Mayo Clinic,
Ovid O. Meyer Professor of Medicine, Divisions of Rochester, Minnesota
Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary/Critical Care
Medicine, Attending Physician, Center for Trauma and Rui Moreno, MD, PhD
Life Support, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Professor, Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neurocríticos,
Clinics, Madision, Wisconsin Hospital de São José, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa
Central, E.P.E., Lisboa, Portugal
Andrew O. Maree, MD, MSc
Consultant Cardiologist, Waterford Regional Hospital, Nick Murphy, MB BS, FRCA, DipICM
Waterford, Ireland Honorary Senior Lecturer, Clinical Medicine, University of
Birmingham, Consultant Intensivist, Critical Care,
Paul E. Marik, MD, FCCM, FCCP Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, Edgbaston,
Chief, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia
Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia Katie M. Muzevich, PharmD, BCPS
Department of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth
John Marini, MD University Health System, Richmond, Virginia
Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care
Medicine, University of Minnesota, Director of Girish B. Nair, MD
Pysiologic and Translational Research, Regions Hospital, Fellow, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Winthrop
St. Paul, Minnesota University Hospital, Rock Hill, South Carolina
John C. Marshall, MD, FRCSC Michael S. Neiderman, MD
Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery and the Chairman, Department of Medicine, Winthrop University
Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital, Mineola, New York, Professor of Medicine,
University of Toronto, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Department of Medicine, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony
Ontario, Canada Brook, New York
Henry Masur, MD Hollis O’Neal, MD, MSc
Chief, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Pulmonary and
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University
Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Dirk M. Maybauer, MD, PhD
Professor in Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Matthew Ortman, MD
Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood
Assistant Professor in Anesthesiology and Critical Care Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and
Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Dentistry of New Jersey, Cooper Medical School of
Galveston, Texas Rowan University, Division of Cardiology, Department
of Medicine, Cooper University Hospital, Camden,
Marc O. Maybauer, MD, PhD, EDIC, FCCP New Jersey
Professor in Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine,
Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany, Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, MD, FACP, FIDSA
Assistant Professor in Anesthesiology and Critical Care Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology,
Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas
Galveston, Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas