Criteria for Sewage Works Design - Water Quality Program

482 Pages·3.04 MB·English

Criteria for
Sewage Works Design
Water Quality Program
December 1998
Publication No. 98-37 WQ
State of Washington
Department of Ecology
Olympia, Washington 98504
ii December 1998 Criteria for Sewage Works Design
Contact Information Publication History
To order printed copies of this manual, contact: Originally published 1978 (Pub. No. 78-5)
Revised October 1985
Department of Ecology
Reprinted 1992
Publications Distribution
Revised December 1998
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Telephone [phone]
(Refer to Publication No. 98-37 WQ)
For specific information about this manual, or to
• check for the latest revisions,
• download an electronic copy,
• request a copy on CD, or
• comment on its contents,
click on the Department of Ecology’s Water Quality
Program Criteria for Sewage Works Design (Orange
Book) internet site (www.wa.gov/ecology/wq/orange).
For special accommodation needs, or to receive this
document in an alternative format, call:
[phone]
[phone] (TDD)
Dedicated in Fond Memory to
James D. Krull
June 3, 1941 to October 15, 1997
For Over Two Decades of Service and Friendship
to the Department of Ecology
Water Quality Program
The Department of Ecology is an equal opportunity agency and does not
discriminate on the basis of race, creed, color, disability, age, religion,
national origin, sex, marital status, disabled veteran’s status, Vietnam
era veteran’s status, or sexual orientation.
December 1998 iii
Contents
Contact Information............................................ii Treatment
Publication History.............................................ii Chapter T1
Preliminary Treatment/ Septage
Contents.............................................................iii and Other Liquid Hauled Wastes
Purpose of Manual.............................................iv Chapter T2
Primary Treatment
Acknowledgements............................................iv
How to Use This Manual................................viii
Chapter T3
Biological Treatment
Figures................................................................ix
Tables..................................................................x
Chapter T4
Abbreviations and Acronyms.............................xi Chemical/Physical Treatment
Chapter T5
Disinfection
General
Chapter G1
General Engineering
Effluent
Requirements
Chapter E1
Chapter G2
Water Reclamation and Reuse
General Considerations
Chapter E2
Chapter G3
Effluent Disposal to Surface
Special Considerations for Small
Water
Community Systems
Chapter E3
Effluent Disposal to Ground
Collection
Water
Chapter C1
SEWER Sewers Solids
Chapter S
Chapter C2
Residual Solids Management
Sewage Pump Stations
Chapter C3
CSO
Combined Sewer Overflows
iv December 1998 Criteria for Sewage Works Design
Purpose of Manual Acknowledgements
This manual, often referred to as the “Orange This manual was developed for the Washington
Book,” serves as a guide for the design of State Department of Ecology with the generous
sewage collection, treatment, and reclamation assistance of many government agencies, sewer
systems. The goals of the manual are: and water districts, consulting engineering
firms, and wastewater treatment professionals.
1. To ensure that the design of sewage
collection and treatment systems is Editorial/Coordination Board members
consistent with public health and water
quality objectives of the State of Louthain, Jerry (Project Manager)
Washington.
Berschauer, Doug
Cole, Mark
2. To establish a basis for the design and
Foulk, Jamie
review of plans and specifications for
Lowe, Susan
sewage treatment works and sewerage
Meriwether, Cam
systems.
Nitz, Bill
3. To establish the minimum requirements and Olson, Karen
limiting factors utilized by the Washington Perry, Don
State Department of Ecology and the Skillings, Tom
Washington State Department of Health for Vivolo, Tony
review of sewage treatment works and
sewerage system plans and specifications.
Chapter coordinators, leaders, and
contributing authors
4. To assist the owner or their authorized
engineer in the preparation of plans,
Chapter G1, General Engineering Requirements
specifications, reports, and other data.
Louthain, Jerry (Coordinator)
5. To guide departments in their determination Parry, Dave (Leader)
of whether an approval, permit, and/or a
Anderson, Darrel
certificate for a sewage treatment works or a
Cole, Mark
sewerage system should be issued.
Messman, Stew
Moore, Bill
Raysby, Lisa
Strehler, Jennifer
Vaughn, John
Chapter G2, General Considerations
Nitz, Bill (Coordinator)
Bolinger, Al
Bower, Bob
Browne, Roger
Faccone, Jim
Finger, Dick
Houck, Doug
Kerker, Gary
Morrice, Rob
Serres, Bill
December 1998 v
Chapter G3, Special Considerations for Small Chapter C3, Combined Sewer Overflows
Community Systems Nitz, Bill (Coordinator)
Meriwether, Cam (Coordinator) Fricke, Laura (Leader)
Milton, Jim (Leader) Labib, Foroozan (Leader)
Alexander, Ken Browne, Roger
Arts, Chris Houck, Doug
Bergstrom, Eric Huber, Karen
Berschauer, Doug Jackson, Diana
Johnstone, Charles Merrill, Steve
Nichols, Don Pecha, Dan
Nunnallee, David Scott, Barry
Riegert, Larry Threlkeld, Vern
Riley, Dick Wharton, Laura
Sherwood, Kim
Skillings, Tom
Chapter T1, Preliminary Treatment/Septage and
Tom, Andy
Other Liquid Hauled Wastes
Chapter T2, Primary Treatment
Chapter C1, Sewers Louthain, Jerry (Coordinator)
Chapter C2, Sewage Pump Stations McCoskey, Jim (Leader)
Vivolo, Tony (Coordinator) Wilson, John (Leader)
Thetford, Tom (Leader) Ziebart, Ken (Leader)
Bickel, Scott Baird, Carl
Brown, Lisa Fernandes, Joe
Browne, Roger Hufford, Dave
Cardwell, Bruce Labib, Foroozan
Carlsen, Jim Long, Tom
Chambers, Craig Merchant, John
Davison, Eric Topolski, Brian
Eliasson, John
Gagnon, Richard
Chapter T3, Biological Treatment
Hammond, Bob
Holland, Jon Perry, Don (Coordinator)
Houck, Doug Bolinger, Al (Leader)
Knott, Graham
Burke, Pat
Koch, John
Endersby, Jeff
Nickel, Ray
Guttormsen, Chris
Ollivant, Mike
Hartz, Ken
Ordonez, Robin
Howard, Jeff
Postma, Loren
Koch, Richard
Rawls, Bruce
Merrill, Steve
Slifer, Scott
Parry, Dave
Stiltz, Mark
Samstag, Randal
Sylvester, Bob
VanDerAa, Bud
Vigilia, Rudy
vi December 1998 Criteria for Sewage Works Design
Chapter T4, Chemical/Physical Treatment Walther, Marty
Louthain, Jerry (Coordinator) Wilbur, Shannon
Hufford, Dave (Leader)
Voigt, Dave (Leader)
Chapter E2, Effluent Disposal to Surface Water
Bolinger, Al Meriwether, Cam (Coordinator)
Burwell, Bill Glenn, Norm (Leader)
Butler, Rick
Cupps, Kathy
Byde, Doug
Fox, Bill
Ezzy, Jeff
Graham, Gary
Gilbert, Steve
McBride, David
Labib, Foroozan
Reilly Jr., Bill
Thayer, Dale
Chapter E3, Effluent Disposal to Ground Water
Meriwether, Cam (Coordinator)
Chapter T5, Disinfection Kimsey, Melanie (Leader)
Vivolo, Tony (Coordinator)
Garland, Dave
Persich, Bill (Leader)
Peterson, Wayne
Raforth, Bob
Chambers, Craig
Coleman, Tom
Griffith, Art
Chapter S, Residual Solids Management
Hammond, Bob
Perry, Don (Coordinator)
Houck, Doug
Labib, Foroozan (Leader)
Koch, John
Pecha, Dan Bateman, Larry
Swaim, Paul Bullard, Daryl
Sylvester, Bob Dorsey, Kyle
Vigilia, Rudy Finger, Dick
Johnstone, Charles
Thayer, Dale
Chapter E1, Water Reclamation and Reuse
Wolstenholme, Philip
Skillings, Tom (Coordinator)
Lundt, Mary (Leader)
Pieritz, Glenn (Leader)
Brodin, Pat
Crummey, Doug
Delzell, Debra
Edwards, George
Finger, Dick
Fox, Tom
Koch, Richard
Larson, Milt
Lenius, Diane
Metzger, Roy
Persich, Bill
Poppe, John
Riley, Craig
Schlender, George
Shields, Jon
Sylvester, Bob
December 1998 vii
Peer review contributors City of Port Townsend
City of Tacoma
Albertson, Orris City of Vancouver
Baird, Carl City of Yakima
Barwin, Bob Cosmopolitan Engineering
Berschauer, Doug CTE Engineers
Breithaupt, Steve Department of Ecology
Brown, Russ Department of Health
Chung, S.K. Duke Engineering & Services, Inc.
Cook, Kirk Earth Tech
Custin, Alex ENSR
Earle, George Enviro Enterprises, Inc.
Fox, Tom Environment One Corporation
Gleason, Dennis Gray & Osborne, Inc.
Harlan, Sue Hammond Collier Wade-Livingston Associates
Hicks, Mark HDR Engineering, Inc.
Hines, Michael Island County
Kmet, Nancy KCM International
Larson, Brian Kennedy/Jenks Consultants
Lin, Li-Yin King County Wastewater Treatment Division
Mann, David Kitsap County
Messman, Stew Lakehaven Utility District
Meyer, Chuck Montgomery Watson
Moore, Bill Northshore Utility District
Olivers, Clair Oregon DEQ
Perry, Don Parametrix, Inc.
Reid, Terry Phillips Driscopipe
Shakhnovich, Boris Pierce County
Skaggs, Don Reid Middleton
Smyth, John Skillings Connolly, Inc.
Thompson, Randy Southeast Environmental Engineering, L.L.C.
Tom, Andy Spokane County
Vivolo, Tony Techtrade International, Inc.
Weaver, Brian Treatment Equipment Company
Weber, Jim URS Consultants, Inc.
Whitby, Elliott Westin Engineering, Inc.
Wm. H. Reilly & Co.
Firms and organizations that provided
support for this effort Publishing
Aqua-Aerobics Systems, Inc. Ecology extends appreciation to Technical
R W Beck Publications, King County Department of
Berryman & Henigar Natural Resources Wastewater Treatment
Brown & Caldwell Division, for publishing this manual.
CH2M Hill, Inc.
City of Bellevue Foulk, Jamie (Project Lead)
City of Bellingham Lowe, Susan (Editor)
City of Everett Olson, Karen (Illustrator)
City of Kennewick
City of Marysville
City of Moses Lake
viii December 1998 Criteria for Sewage Works Design
How to Use This Manual
This manual is intended for use as general
design criteria for domestic sewage collection
and treatment systems. Criteria contained in this
manual will be used by the Department of
Ecology, Water Quality Program, in the review
of documents submitted pursuant to Chapter
173-240 WAC.
Additional design details are contained in the
documents referenced in this manual.
Disclaimer/Limits of Responsibility
This manual is not intended to cover every
possible situation. It is aimed primarily at a
sewage works treating domestic sewage of
normal influent strength.
Definition of Terms
The terms “sewage” and “sewerage” as used in
this manual are considered synonymous with
“municipal wastewater” and “domestic
wastewater.”
Unless otherwise specified, terms used in this
manual are defined in accordance with the latest
definitions issued by the Water Environment
Federation (WEF). The following reference
should be consulted for specific definitions of
terms.
• Glossary- Water and Wastewater Control
Engineering. Published by the American
Public Health Association (APHA),
American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), American Water Works
Association (AWWA), and the Water
Pollution Control Federation (now WEF).
Third Edition, 1981.
December 1998 ix
Figures
G1-1. Sequence of Planning, Design, and
Construction.............................................G1-11
G1-2. Example of a Process Flow Diagram......G1-29
C1-1. Ratio of Peak Hourly Flow to Design
Average Flow..............................................C1-7
C1-2. Required Separation Between Water
Lines and Sanitary Sewers, Parallel
Construction..............................................C1-21
C1-3. Required Separation Between Water
Lines and Sanitary Sewers, Unusual
Conditions Parallel Construction...............C1-21
C3-1. Rectangular Storage Tank Configuration.C3-17
C3-2. Schematic of the Swirl Concentrator........C3-19
T2-1. Typical Circular Primary Settling Tank......T2-3
T2-2. Typical Rectangular Primary Settling
Tank............................................................T2-4
T3-1. Hydraulic Profile for a Major Mechanical
Treatment Plant...........................................T3-6
T5-1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum..................T5-5
T5-2. Relative Intensity of the Wavelengths
Produced by the Low-Pressure Mercury
Lamp.........................................................T5-15
T5-3. Relative Intensity of the Wavelengths
Produced by the Medium-Pressure
Mercury Lamp...........................................T5-15
E1-1. Backflow Prevention, Example One.........E1-22
E1-2. Backflow Prevention, Example Two........E1-23
x December 1998 Criteria for Sewage Works Design
Tables
G1-1. Requirements for Engineering Report and E1-4. Reliability and Redundancy Requirements
Facility Plan.............................................G1-18 of Articles 10 and 11 of the Water
G1-2. Explanation of Engineering Report Reclamation and Reuse Standards.............E1-14
Requirements............................................G1-20 E1-5. Cross-Connections Associated with
G2-1. Design Basis for New Sewage Works.......G2-6 Wastewater................................................E1-19
G2-2. Impact of Wastewater Characteristics on E1-6. Relative Level of Protection by Backflow
HS Formation..........................................G2-20 Preventers..................................................E1-20
2
G2-3. Foul Air Ventilation Requirements.........G2-28 E1-7. Backflow Prevention for Reclaimed
G2-4. Biofilter Design Criteria..........................G2-29 Water.........................................................E1-24
G2-5. Carbon Adsorber Vessel Design Criteria G2-32 E1-8. Characteristics of the Four Classes of
G2-6. Guidelines for Classifying Sewerage Reclaimed Water.......................................E1-26
Works.......................................................G2-64 E1-9. Representative Coagulant Dosing Rate.....E1-27
G2-7. General Requirements for Each E1-10. Representative Filter Hydraulic Loading
Reliability Classification..........................G2-65 Rates..........................................................E1-28
G2-8. Minimum Capacity of the Backup Power E1-11. Disinfection Regulatory Requirements
Source for Each Reliability ClassificationG2-66 for Reclaimed Water.................................E1-30
C1-1. Minimum Slope of Sewers, by Size E1-12. Identification Standards for Reclaimed
(Assuming Full Flow).................................C1-9 Water Systems...........................................E1-32
C1-2. Factors to Consider When Planning a TV E2-1. Types of Outfalls and Their Uses...............E2-8
Inspection Project......................................C1-14 E2-2. Types of Seasonal Discharges..................E2-12
C1-3. Rehabilitation/Replacement Techniques E2-3. Required Oceanographic Data for Siting
for Sewer Mains........................................C1-18 and Designing Marine and Ocean OutfallsE2-15
C1-4. Water Main Standard Pipe Material.........C1-22 S-1. Rough Design Guidelines to Determine
C3-1. Comparison of EPA and Ecology CSO Solids Mass Loading.....................................S-6
Requirements...............................................C3-4 S-2. Typical Dissolved Air Floatation Solids
C3-2. Issues to Consider When Developing CSO Loading Rates for Thickened Solids of
Control Alternatives..................................C3-11 4 Percent or Higher.....................................S-12
C3-3. Issues Affecting Evaluation of Final CSO S-3. Drying Bed Design Criteria..........................S-20
Control Alternatives..................................C3-13 S-4. Summary of Wastewater Sludge Digestion
T1-1. Requirements for Aerated Grit Removal Systems Design Criteria..............................S-25
Chambers and Typical Results....................T1-8
T2-1. Special Treatment Functions Provided by
Primary Settling Tanks................................T2-2
T2-2. Surface Overflow Rates for Primary
Clarifiers......................................................T2-5
T3-1. Sample Worksheet Showing Input Data
Requirements for Biological Systems.........T3-9
T3-2. Typical Process Design Values for
Sedimentation Overflow Rate...................T3-14
T5-1. Classification of Water Hardness.............T5-11
T5-2. Chlorine Dosing Capacity Guidelines.......T5-29
T5-3. Mixing Energy Values..............................T5-31
E1-1. Treatment and Quality Requirements for
Reclaimed Water Use..................................E1-8
E1-2. Staged Planning Program to Determine
Feasibility of a Reclaimed Water System..E1-10
E1-3. Laws and Regulations That Apply to
Reclaimed Water Projects.........................E1-11