Crisis and Prosperity in Sung China PDF
Preview Crisis and Prosperity in Sung China
Crisis ano prosperity in su n g china Crisis anö prosperity sung china î n lohn winthrop Haeger editor The University of Arizona Press Tucson, Arizona The Sung II Conference was sponsored and supported by the Committee on Studies of Chinese Civilization of the American Council of Learned Societies. The publication of this volume has also been assisted by the Council. THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS Copyright © 1975 The Arizona Board of Regents All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the U.S.A. I.S.B.N.-0-8165-0494-6 L.C. No. 74-15603 The Contributors dedicate this volume to Sadao Aoyama and Ichisada Miyazaki invaluable contributors to international Sung studies and acknowledge with thanks Han-sheng Ch’Oan Herbert Franke Peter J. Golas James T. C. Liu Gabrielle Sattler Jing-shen Tao Participants in the Sung II Conference and Malinda Marr Cox the editor’s assistant About the Authors . . . John Winthrop Haeger was chairman of the 1971 Sung 11 Conference in Germany which gave rise to the development of this volume. A Princeton graduate with a doctorate from the University of California at Berkeley, he was chairman of the Department of Chinese at the Claremont Colleges from 1968 to 1973, becoming director of the Luce Scholars Program for the Asia Foundation in 1974. E. A. Kracke Jr. has served on the board of directors of the Association for Asian Studies and as president of the American Oriental Society. Professor Emeritus of Chinese Literature and Institutions at the University of Chicago, he served on that faculty from 1946 to 1973, and was honorary chairman of the Sung II Conference. Brian E. McKnight became a member of the history faculty at the University of Hawaii following completion of a doctorate at the University of Chicago. Among his published writings is Village and Bureaucracy in Southern Sung China. Charles A. Peterson was coordinator of the first Sung project in 1965-66. His writings have focused on problems of China's foreign relations in the medieval period and the dynamics of central government-provincial relations in middle and late Tang. Following post-doctoral studies in Paris and Kyoto, he joined the Chinese history faculty at Cornell University. Conrad Schirokauer has written widely on the personalities and problems of neo-Confucianism, especially Chu Hsi, and his articles have appeared in the Journal of the History of Ideas and the Encyclopedia Britannica as well as in several symposium volumes. Holder of a Ph.D. from Stanford, he later joined the history faculty at the City College of the City University of New York. Yoshinobu Shiba studied Chinese economic history at Tokyo University, in 1962 joining the faculty at Kumamoto University and later becoming associate professor at Osaka. His Studies in the Commerce and Society of Sung China [ vii] viii abqut the authors (1968) was issued in abstracted English translation as Commerce and Society in Sung China by the University of Michigan. Rolf Trauzettel’s chief interest has been in Chinese political and intellec tual history, his publications including Ts’ai Ching als Typus des illegitimen Ministers and, with Herbert Franke, Das chinesische Kaiserreich. After re ceiving his doctorate from Munich in 1964, he taught there until 1971 when he became professor of Far Eastern Studies at the University of Göttingen. Edmund H. Worthy was founding editor of the Sung Studies Newsletter and has contributed numerous articles on various aspects of Sung and modern Chinese history. Following graduation from Yale and graduate studies at Princeton, he became Visiting Lecturer in the Department of History at New Asia College in the Chinese University of Hong Kong and also represented the Yale-in-China Association. Contents Abbreviations Used in this Book xiv 1. Introduction: Crisis and Prosperity in Sung China 1 John Winthrop Haeger 2. Urbanization and the Development of Markets in the Lower Yangtze Valley 13 Yoshinobu Shiba Population Concentration and Urbanization Urban Population Rearrangement of Administrative Divisions The Economic Background of Urbanization Commercial Development of Hu-chou Commercial Development of Hui-chou Conclusion 3. Sung K’ai-feng: Pragmatic Metropolis and Formalistic Capital 49 E. A. Kracke, Jr. 4. Fiscal Privileges and the Social Order in Sung China 79 Brian E. McKnight 5. Regional Control in the Southern Sung Salt Administration 101 Edmund H. Worthy Historical and Administrative Background Production and Controls Administrators and Administration Merchants and Marketing Conclusion [ ix] X CONTENTS 6. 1126-27: Political Crisis and the Integrity of Culture 143 John Winthrop Haeger The Crisis of the Monarchy The Decline of the Eunuchs Institutional Limitations and Innovations The Transcendence of Civilism 7. Neo-Confucians Under Attack: The Condemnation of Wei-hsüeh 163 Conrad Schirokauer The Political Status of Neo-Confucianism under Kao-tsung (r. 1127-62) and Hsiao-tsung (r. 1162-89) Tao-hsüeh under Kuang-tsung (r. 1189-94) From Tao-hsüeh to Wei-hsüeh: 1194-97 The Arguments Against Wei-hsüeh The Composition of the Two Groups The Ban on Wei-hsüeh Runs Its Course, 1197-1202 Conclusion 8. Sung Patriotism as a First Step Toward Chinese Nationalism 199 Rolf Trauzettel 9. First Sung Reactions to the Mongol Invasion of the North, 1211-17 215 Charles A. Peterson Glossary 255 Index 263
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