Crises in the Post‐Soviet Space: From the dissolution of the Soviet Union to the conflict in Ukraine PDF
Preview Crises in the Post‐Soviet Space: From the dissolution of the Soviet Union to the conflict in Ukraine
Crises in the Post-Soviet Space The breakup of the Soviet Union led to the creation of new states and territorial conflicts of different levels of intensity. Scrutinising the post-Soviet period, this volume offers explanations for both the frequency and the intensity of crises in the region. This book argues that the societies which emerged in the post-Soviet space share characteristic features, and that the instability and conflict-prone nature of the Soviet Union’s successor states can be explained by analysing the post- independence history of the region and linking it to the emergence of overlapping economic, political and violent crises (called ‘Intersecting Crises Phenomena’). Transformation itself is shown to be a decisive process and, while acknowledging specific national and regional characteristics and differences, the authors demon- strate its shared impact. This comparison across countries and over time presents patterns of crisis and crisis management common to all the successor states. It disentangles the process, highlighting the multifaceted features of post-Soviet crises and draws upon the concept of crisis to determine the tipping points of post- Soviet development. Especially useful for scholars and students dealing with the Soviet successor states, this book should also prove interesting to those researching in the fields of communist and post-communist Studies, Eurasian politics, international relations and peace and conflict studies. Felix Jaitner is a doctoral student at the Department of Political Science, University of Vienna. Tina Olteanu is a Professor of Political Science at the Department of Political Science at the University of Vienna. Tobias Spöri is a PhD candidate at the Department of Political Science, University of Vienna. Post-Soviet Politics Series Editor – Neil Robinson The last decade has seen rapid and fundamental change in the countries of the former Soviet Union. Although there has been considerable academic comment on these changes over the years, detailed empirical and theoretical research on the transformation of the post-Soviet space is only just beginning to appear as new paradigms are developed to explain change. Post-Soviet Politics is a series focusing on the politics of change in the states of the former USSR. The series publishes original work that blends theoretical development with empirical research on post-Soviet politics. The series includes work that progresses comparative analysis of post-Soviet politics, as well as case study research on political change in individual post-Soviet states. The series features original research monographs, thematically strong edited collections and specialised texts. Uniquely, this series brings together the complete spectrum of work on post-Soviet politics, providing a voice for academics world wide. For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Post-Soviet-Politics/book-series/ASHSER1198 Systemic and Non-Systemic Opposition in the Russian Federation Civil Society Awakens? Edited by Cameron Ross Autocratic and Democratic External Influences in Post-Soviet Eurasia Edited by Anastassia Obydenkova and Alexander Libman Religion, Politics and Nation-Building in Post-Communist Countries Edited by Greg Simons and David Westerlund Vocabularies of International Relations after the Crisis in Ukraine Edited by Andrey Makarychev and Alexandra Yatsyk Neighbourhood Perceptions of the Ukraine Crisis From the Soviet Union into Eurasia? Edited by Gerhard Besier and Katarzyna Stokłosa Russia-EU Relations and the Common Neighbourhood Coercion vs. Authority Irina Busygina Russian Foreign Policy in Eurasia National Interests and Regional Integration Lilia A.Arakelyan The Politics and Complexities of Crisis Management in Ukraine From a Historical Perspective Edited by Mykola Kapitonenko,Viktor Lavrenyuk,Erik Vlaeminck and Greg Simons Crises in the Post-Soviet Space From the dissolution of the Soviet Union to the conflict in Ukraine Edited by Felix Jaitner,Tina Olteanu and Tobias Spöri Crises in the Post-Soviet Space From the dissolution of the Soviet Union to the conflict in Ukraine Edited by Felix Jaitner, Tina Olteanu and Tobias Spöri First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Felix Jaitner, Tina Olteanu and Tobias Spöri; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Felix Jaitner, Tina Olteanu and Tobias Spöri to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, introduction and conclusion; and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-815-37724-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-23446-7 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK Contents Figures ix Tables xi Contributors xiii Preface by Peter Rutland xvii 1 Crises in the post-Soviet space:From the dissolution of the Soviet Union to an area of ‘intersecting crises phenomena’? 1 FELIX JAITNER, TINA OLTEANU AND TOBIAS SPORI PART I Mapping post-Soviet crises 15 2 The dissolution of the Soviet Union and its consequences 17 DIETER SEGERT 3 Divergent social and economic consequences of transformation in post-communist states 39 DAVID LANE 4 Divergent political-economic trajectories:Russia,Ukraine, Belarus 61 JOACHIM BECKER PART II Crises of belonging 81 5 Creating the history of the future:Russian historical memory in the era of the Ukrainian crisis 83 VICTOR APRYSHCHENKO vi Contents 6 Ukraine:The dynamics of cross-cutting cleavages during quadruple transition 103 OLENA PODOLIAN AND VALENTYNA ROMANOVA 7 Ethnic divides in the Baltic states:Political orientations after the Russian–Ukrainian crisis 121 JOAKIM EKMAN AND KJETIL DUVOLD PART III Crises of resource accumulation 137 8 Stability’s end:The political economy of Russia’s intersecting crises since 2009 139 ILYA MATVEEV 9 The making of Ukraine’s multilevel crisis:Transnational capitalism,neoliberal kleptocrats,and dispossession 159 YULIYA YURCHENKO 10 Ukraine’s frozen transformation:State capture, nationalising policies and shifting geopolitics 175 KLAUS MÜLLER 11 Decline of the demos:Latvia,the face of New Europe and austerity’s return 195 JEFFREY SOMMERS PART IV Crises of political power 211 12 Chechnya:A study of a post-Soviet conflict 213 EMIL ASLAN SOULEIMANOV, JASPER SCHWAMPE AND SOFIE BEDFORD 13 Azerbaijan between post-socialist crisis and fragile stability 225 HANNES MEISSNER 14 Kazakhstan’s political and economic development and the role of the ruling elites 241 JULIA KUSZNIR Contents vii 15 The Ukraine conflict as a result of post-Soviet crises development 255 FELIX JAITNER, TINA OLTEANU AND TOBIAS SPORI Index 263 Figures 1.1 Post-Soviet “intersecting crises phenomena” (ICP) 5 3.1 European Union member states and enlargement 41 3.2 The extent of the capitalist market and privatisation: EBRD indicators, 1999, 2003, 2009, 2014 43 3.3 Gross National Income (per capital 2005 US PPP) 1990–2013. Post-socialist countries 45 3.4 HD indexes 1987–2007: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Armenia 47 3.5 HD indexes 1987–2007: Uzbekistan, Azerbaizhan, Kazakhstan, and China 47 3.6 Human Development Indicators: Country ranks 1990, 2013 48 3.7 Gross National Product Index minus Human Development Index 1993–2012 49 3.8 Income Inequality: Gini coefficients selected socialist countries 1987–1988, 2004 50 3.9 Economic situation today compared to under communism 52 3.10 Who gained most from transformation? 53 8.1 GDP growth (annual per cent) 145 8.2 Gross capital formation (per cent of GDP) 145 8.3 Quarterly GDP growth 148 8.4 Poll numbers 148
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