Criminalising Peacekeepers: Modernising National Approaches to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse

210 Pages·2017·1.85 MB·English

by  Melanie O'Brien (auth.)

Criminalising Peacekeepers
Modernising National Approaches to
Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
Melanie O’Brien
Transnational Crime, Crime Control and Security
Series Editors
James Sheptycki
York University
ON, Canada
Anastassia Tsoukala
University of Paris XI
France
“ThisvaluablebookoffersabracingperspectiveonthevexedissueofaccountabilityofUN
peacekeepers for sexual exportation and abuse. It pinpoints the weaknesses of the current
systemandarguespersuasivelyfortransnationalregulation,withwomen’shumanrightsatits
centre.”
—Professor HilaryCharlesworth, Melbourne Laureate Professor atMelbourne LawSchool,
University ofMelbourne, andDistinguished Professorat theAustralian National University,
Australia
“Combining deft analysis of international and domestic jurisprudence with a sound
understandingofpeacekeepingpracticesinthefieldandthechallengesconfrontingtheglobal
community, this important book sheds new light on the problem of responding to sexual
exploitationandabusebyUNpeacekeepers.Itofferscarefulandbalancedanalysisaswellasa
setofpracticalstepsthatcouldbetakentopreventabusebyholdingperpetratorsaccountable.
This bookwillbe welcomedand mustbe read bybothgeneral readers and thosethat have
grappled – thus far unsuccessfully – with thisissue foryears.”
—Professor Alex Bellamy,Directorof the AsiaPacificCentre forthe Responsibility to Protect
andProfessor ofPeace andConflict Studies atTheUniversity of Queensland, Australia;
Non-Resident Senior Adviserat theInternational Peace Institute, NewYork,USA,
and Fellow ofthe Academy of Social Sciences inAustralia
Transnational crime and security are key modalities of governance in a
globalizing world. World-wide, there is a tendency to treat every
imaginable source of harm as a potential source of insecurity, and
therefore as a crime. The catastrophic imagination is fueled by the
precautionary logicsofaworldsystemtroubledbysystemicrisk.Asthese
logics become pervasive, security measures are invoked in an effort to
control the imagined sources of harm, and the consequences are not
always clear-cut. Further, the terminology of transnational crime, threat,
risk and (in)security (and the phenomena to which they refer) is
substantively deterritorialized, raising further theoretical and practical
fi
dif culties. Research and scholarship concerning these issues touches
upon crucial features of the world system. This series offers wide
inter-disciplinary scope for scholarship exploring these central aspects of
global governance and governance globally.
More information about this series at
http://www.springer.com/series/14398
’
Melanie O Brien
Criminalising
Peacekeepers
Modernising National Approaches
to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
Melanie O’Brien
University ofQueensland
StLucia, QLD
Australia
Transnational Crime, CrimeControl and Security
ISBN978-3-319-57728-9 ISBN978-3-319-57729-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-57729-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017943484
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017
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Acknowledgements
The principal research for this book was funded by a Ph.D. scholarship
from the School of Law, University of Nottingham; Ph.D. tuition
fi
scholarshipfromtheInternationalOf ce,UniversityofNottingham;and
a University of Nottingham Universitas 21 Travel Prize for research at
the University of Melbourne. Subsequent research was carried out under
a University of Queensland Post-doctoral Fellowship. The author is
gratefultoProf.SimonBronittforfeedback,adviceandexpertise. Thank
you also to Prof. David Schlueter for his assistance and expertise and
Miss Zoe Brereton and Miss Ameera Ismail for research assistance.
v
Contents
1 UN Peacekeepers, the Military and Sexual Exploitation 1
2 National Criminal Jurisdiction Over Australian
and US Military Personnel 59
3 General Criminal Provisions of US and Australian
Military Disciplinary Law 77
4 Rape 87
5 Prostitution-Related Conduct 103
6 Sexual Exploitation 117
fi
7 Human Traf cking and Sexual Slavery 127
8 HIV/AIDS-Related Offences 135
vii
viii Contents
9 Transnational Regulation of Peacekeeper Sexual
Exploitation as Part of a Rights-Based Approach 149
Appendix 1: History of Article 120 of the US Uniform Code
of Military Justice in the Twenty-First Century:
Pre-2006 Version (Effective 1992) 159
Appendix 2: History of Article 120 of the US Uniform Code
of Military Justice in the Twenty-First Century:
2006 Version (Effective October 2007) 161
Appendix 3: History of Article 120 of the US Uniform Code
of Military Justice in the Twenty-First Century:
2011 Version (Effective June 2012) 173
Appendix 4: History of Article 120 of the US Uniform Code
of Military Justice in the Twenty-First Century:
2016 Version (Effective at unknown date
before 1 January 2019) 183
Case List 193
Index 199
Acronyms
ACT Australian Capital Territory
ADF Australian Defence Force
ADFDAT Australian Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal
AR United States Army Regulations
CDU Conduct and Discipline Unit
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination
Against Women
CMA United States Court of Military Appeals
Cth Commonwealth (of Australia)
DFDA Defence Force Discipline Act (Cth) 1982
DFS Department of Field Support
DOD United States Department of Defence
DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States
Monitoring Group
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECtHR European Court of Human Rights
EU European Union
FCAFC Federal Court of Australia-Full Court
HCA High Court of Australia
ix
x Acronyms
HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia
IPTF International Police Task Force
KFOR NATO Kosovo Force
MCM United States Manual for Courts-Martial
MEJA UnitedStates MilitaryExtraterritorial Jurisdiction Act
MINUSCA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated
Stabilization Mission in the Central African
Republic/la Mission intégrée multidimensionnelle de
stabilisation des Nations Unies en République
centrafricaine
MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo/Mission de
l’ONU pour la stabilisation en République
Démocratique du Congo
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO Non-governmental Organisation
OIOS United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services
PKO Peacekeeping Operation
RCM Rules for Court-Martial (in US Manual for
Courts-Martial)
SA South Australia
SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
SG Secretary-General (of the United Nations)
SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General
STI Sexually Transmitted Infection
UCMJ United States Uniform Code of Military Justice
UN United Nations
UNAIDS The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNAMIC United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia
UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees