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Cross-3915-Prelims:Cross-3915-Prelims.qxp 03/11/2009 3:41 PM Page i Criminal Law & Criminal Justice Cross-3915-Prelims:Cross-3915-Prelims.qxp 03/11/2009 3:41 PM Page ii Cross-3915-Prelims:Cross-3915-Prelims.qxp 03/11/2009 3:41 PM Page iii Criminal Law & Criminal Justice An Introduction Noel Cross Cross-3915-Prelims:Cross-3915-Prelims.qxp 03/11/2009 3:41 PM Page iv ©NoelCross2010 Firstpublished2010 Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivate study,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct,1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced, storedortransmittedinanyform,orbyanymeans,onlywiththe priorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orinthecaseof reprographicreproduction,inaccordancewiththetermsoflicences issuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency. Enquiriesconcerning reproductionoutsidethosetermsshouldbesenttothepublishers. SAGEPublicationsLtd 1Oliver’sYard 55CityRoad LondonEC1Y1SP SAGEPublicationsInc. 2455TellerRoad ThousandOaks,California91320 SAGEPublicationsIndiaPvtLtd B1/I1MohanCooperativeIndustrialArea MathuraRoad NewDelhi110044 SAGEPublicationsAsia-PacificPteLtd 33PekinStreet#02-01 FarEastSquare Singapore048763 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009924975 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationdata Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefrom theBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-84787-086-5 ISBN978-1-84787-087-2(pbk) TypesetbyC&MDigitals(P)Ltd,Chennai,India PrintedinGreatBritainbyTJInternational,Padstow,Cornwall Printedonpaperfromsustainableresources SSGGSS 22448822 Cross-3915-Prelims:Cross-3915-Prelims.qxp 03/11/2009 3:41 PM Page v Contents Acknowledgements vi PART ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Actus reus 15 3 Mens rea 32 4 General defences in the criminal law 49 5 Alternative forms of criminal liability 69 PARTTWO SPECIFIC CRIMINAL OFFENCES 95 6 Non-fatal assaults 97 7 Sexual offences 117 8 Homicide 134 9 Property offences 154 PARTTHREE CONCLUSIONS 179 10 Conclusions 181 Glossary of common legal terms 191 Tables of cases 194 Tables of statutes 203 References 205 Index 219 Cross-3915-Prelims:Cross-3915-Prelims.qxp 03/11/2009 3:41 PM Page vi Acknowledgements Many thanks go to my parents, my colleagues on the Criminal Justice team at LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity,andCarolinePorteratSagefortheirhelpand encouragementalongthelongandwindingroadfromdevelopingtheideaforthe book to publication.The book is dedicated to Helen Paton,for her constant love and support during the time in which it was put together. Cross-3915-Ch-01:Cross Sample.qxp 03/11/2009 3:42 PM Page 1 Part One General principles of criminal law Cross-3915-Ch-01:Cross Sample.qxp 03/11/2009 3:42 PM Page 2 Cross-3915-Ch-01:Cross Sample.qxp 03/11/2009 3:42 PM Page 3 1 Introduction Chapter Overview Introductionandrationale:whystudycriminal lawifyou’reacriminologyorcriminaljusticestudent? 3 Criminallaw:whatisit? 4 Criminaljustice:whatisit? 8 Whatisthecriminallawtherefor? 11 Whatiscriminaljusticetherefor? 12 Conclusions:aguidetothestructureofthebook 13 Furtherreading 14 ChapterAims AfterreadingChapter1youshouldbeabletounderstand: • Thebasicprinciplesofcriminallaw • Thebasicprinciplesofcriminaljustice • Thekeytheorieswhichtrytoexplainwhatthecriminallawdoes • Thekeytheorieswhichtrytoexplainwhatcriminaljusticedoes • Whichindividualsandgroupsofpeopleplayaroleincriminaljustice • Howcrimeissociallyconstructed,andwhatthismeans Introduction and rationale: why study criminal law if you’re a criminology or criminal justice student? ThisbookisaboutcriminallawinEnglandandWales,andthedifferencebetween thecriminallawasitisdefinedinlawbooks,andthecriminallawasitisusedby agencies in the criminal justice process.It is designed to show not only how the current law defines criminal behaviour, but also how people and organisations workingincriminaljusticeuseandinterpretthatlawintheapproachestheytake to responding to crime in practice. One answer to the question in the section title above is simple – without criminal law there would be no crime and no criminology (Nelken 1987)! It is