Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking in America PDF
Preview Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking in America
FORENSICS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Territo • Criminal Investigation Glover C of Sex Trafficking in America r i m “ … this is an outstanding practical overview of human trafficking and a must for i those beginning in that field as one of the books that integrates the needs of many into n one. … clear, concise, practical in use, practitioner-friendly.” a l —Kim Derry, Retired Deputy Chief of Police, Toronto Police I n Chair of FBINAA World-Wide Human Trafficking Coordination Center Initiative v Co-Chair of the International Police Training Center (IPTI), Budapest, Hungary e s t “Absolutely appropriate for anyone wanting to understand and make a difference i g in combating this modern-day slavery! ... Very well researched, a must-read for a investigators … a very thorough covering of the topic.” t i o —Dave Malone, Senior Law Enforcement Education Coordinator n American Military University-Midwest o f “Excellent! The material is current, relevant, and informative to the public and to the S various personnel who engage in human trafficking rescue operations. … the only e book that sex-trafficking investigators will need to keep on their desk.” x T —Lt. George Koder, Retired r Clearwater Police Department, Florida a ffi “Dr. Leonard Territo and Professor Nataliya Glover have rigorously researched c and investigated the billion-dollar industry of sex trafficking in the United States. k An informative, eye-opening textbook, Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking i n in America exposes the horrors of sex-trafficking crimes that occur in large cities g and small towns throughout the U.S. … A one-of-a-kind book for criminal justice i educators, law enforcement professionals, judges, prosecutors, and a must-read and n study for every new police recruit and criminal investigator.” A —Thomas Gillan, CLET, CSTS, CLC, Executive Director m The National Institute for Human Trafficking Research and Training, Orlando, Florida e r i c a K15306 ISBN: 978-1-4665-5422-1 90000 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 9 781466 554221 an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com “…in my 36 years in law enforcement fields (chief of police, retired) and now, working with American Military University as a senior law enforce- ment coordinator, I believe this book should be required reading for anyone working on human trafficking crimes or working to combat this modern day slavery. The book provides a clear understanding of how this crime occurs and entraps its victims that has not been clearly understood before now.” Dave Malone Senior Law Enforcement Education Coordinator, American Military University-Midwest Excellent!! “Criminal Investigations of Sex Trafficking in America is the only textbook that I am aware of that is a comprehensive collection of sex trafficking information and investigative techniques that will assist law enforcement investigators. Criminal Investigations of Sex Trafficking in America is the only book that sex trafficking investigators will need to keep on their desk. Professors of criminal justice will certainly appreciate such a comprehensive textbook that includes the necessary information and resources to teach within the university environment. I wish I had this textbook to use when I was the commander of a human trafficking task force.” George Koder Former Lt. “I would consider this as a valuable tool for those engaged in human traf- ficking investigations and training. The book provides the necessary mate- rial needed to effectively set out for practitioners directions and processes for effective detection, knowledge and prosecution. It also provides the same for NGOs to learn and develop their processes and protocols that intersect with law enforcement.” Kim Derry Retired Deputy Chief of Police, Toronto Police, Chair of FBINAA World-Wide Human Trafficking Coordination Center Initiative, Co-Chair of the International Police Training Center (IPTI), Budapest, Hungary Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking in America Leonard Territo Saint Leo University Nataliya Glover Saint Leo University Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140109 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5432-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, includ- ing photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication For my wife, Elena, the kindest and sweetest woman I have ever known, and our children, Lorraine, Kseniya, and Ilia, and our grandchildren, Matthew, Branden, and Alexander. Leonard Territo For my late husband, Barry, who inspired me to become who I am now, and my daughter, Anastasia, who gave me the strength and reason to live and fight; for my parents, Tatyana and Vladimir, who loved and supported me every step of the way, and my mentor, Larissa Nossova, who changed my life forever and showed me the way. Nataliya Glover © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface ...............................................................................xvii Acknowledgments...........................................................xxiii About the Authors .........................................................xxvii Chapter 1: Introduction to Sex Trafficking in America: A Current and Historical Overview ...............1 Chapter Objectives Introduction Definition and Identification Looking for Sex-Trafficking Crimes The Differences between Trafficking and Smuggling Factors Contributing to International Sex Trafficking Why the Supply of Victims Is Seemingly Endless Sex Trafficking as a Criminal Continuum Why Sex-Trafficking Victims Are Often “Invisible” in the United States The Trafficking Victims Protection Act to the Rescue Modern Day Sex-Trafficking Operation A Brief History of Sex Trafficking in Early 20th Century America Training for Law Enforcement Officers What the Reader Can Expect to Learn from This Book Glossary Review Questions Endnotes Chapter 2: Legal Aspects of Sex Trafficking in America .................................................................................29 Chapter Objectives Introduction The Mann Act The Differences between the Most Current Sex Trafficking Acts Passed by Congress and the Mann Act The Travel Act Creation of Special Status Visas T Nonimmigrant Status Visa Continued Presence U Nonimmigrant Status Cooperation with Law Enforcement Needed for a U Visa © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii viii Contents Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000 The Tier System Elements of the Tier Ranking System Tier 1 Countries Tier 2 Countries Tier 3 Countries Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 (TVPRA) Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 Preventing Trafficking to the United States Measures to Address Trafficking in the United States Federal Laws Related to Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking U.S. Code—Section 2251: Sexual Exploitation of Children U.S. Code—Section 2422: Coercion and Enticement U.S. Code—Section 2423: Transportation of Minors The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) RICO as a Tool to Combat Sex Trafficking by Organized Crime Harsher Penalties under RICO Asset Forfeiture and RICO Violations Money Laundering of Sex-Trafficking Profits Elements Needed to Pursue Money Laundering Charges International Movement of Money Reverse Sting Operation The Money Spending Statute Specific Investigative Suggestions for Making an Asset Trace Conspiracy as a Separate Charge States That Have Sex-Trafficking Laws State Statutes Dealing with the Commercial Exploitation of Children or Prostitution of Children Colorado District of Columbia (D.C.) Delaware Illinois Louisiana Nebraska Washington Wisconsin States along the U.S. Southern Border with State Statues Dealing with the Commercial Exploitation of Both Adults and Children Arizona California New Mexico Texas © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents ix Glossary Review Questions Endnotes Chapter 3: Domestic Sex Trafficking of American Children ................................................................................89 Chapter Objectives Introduction Nature and Scope of the Problem The Demographics of Sexually Exploited Children Precipitating Factors Affecting Why Children Become Involved in Prostitution Various Factors That Leave Youth Vulnerable to Traffickers Running Away from Home Survival Sex Early Childhood Abuse and Neglect Familial Trafficking Drug- Addicted Parents Psychological and Emotional Difficulties Importance of Understanding Psychological Variations in Sex-Trafficking Victims Mental Health Symptoms Dissociation as a Defense Mechanism Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Sex-Trafficking Victims Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) The Stockholm Syndrome (Trauma Bonding) A Complex Reaction Causes and Symptoms Other Psychological Disorders that Sex-Trafficking Victims Can Experience Physical Effects of Sex Trafficking on Victims Measures to Identify and Protect Sex-Trafficking Victims Recruitment and Pimp Control Initial Approach by the Pimp Seasoning Techniques and Tactics of Power and Control The Recruitment and Grooming Process The Bottom Bitch/ Girl Use of Pornography as a Means of Control Use of Manipulation Use of Social Science by Pimps in the Manipulation Process Sex for Drugs Gang Activity in Sex-Trafficking Operations How to Combat Street Gangs Involved in Sex Trafficking Shelters and Services for Domestically Trafficked Minors Lack of Protective Shelters There Is a Lack of Specialized Services Geared toward the Unique Needs of Domestic Minor Sex-Trafficking Victims © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The list of books you might like
