Criminal investigation

750 Pages·2010·30.021 MB·English

by  Orthmann, Christine M. H.;Hess, Kären M

CCRRIIMMIINNAALL
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N I N T H E D I T I O N
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CCRRIIMMIINNAALL
IInnvveessttiiggaattiioonn
N I N T H E D I T I O N
Kären M. Hess, Ph.D.
Normandale Community College
Christine Hess Orthmann, M.S.
Orthmann Writing and Research, Inc.
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Criminal Investigation, 9th Edition © 2010, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1994, 1991, 1987, 1981 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Kären M. Hess and Christine Hess Orthmann
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Printed in Canada
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BBRRIIEEFF
CCoonntteennttss
Section 1 | INTRODUCTION 2
1
Criminal Investigation: An Overview .......................................................................................4
Section 2 | BASIC INVESTIGATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES 36
2
Documenting the Crime Scene: Note Taking, Photographing and Sketching ...............38
3
Writing Effective Reports ........................................................................................................70
4
Searches ....................................................................................................................................92
5
Forensics/Physical Evidence ...............................................................................................120
6
Obtaining Information and Intelligence ..............................................................................170
7
Identifying and Arresting Suspects .....................................................................................206
Section 3 | INVESTIGATING VIOLENT CRIMES 248
8
Death Investigations ..............................................................................................................252
9
Assault, Domestic Violence, Stalking and Elder Abuse ...................................................292
10
Sex Offenses ...........................................................................................................................316
11
Crimes against Children ........................................................................................................340
12
Robbery ....................................................................................................................................376
Section 4 | INVESTIGATING CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY 398
13
Burglary....................................................................................................................................400
14
Larceny/Theft, Fraud and White-Collar Crime ...................................................................418
15
Motor Vehicle Theft ...............................................................................................................454
16
Arson, Bombs and Explosives ..............................................................................................474
Section 5 | OTHER CHALLENGES TO THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR 498
17
Computer Crime ......................................................................................................................500
18
A Dual Threat: Drug-Related Crime and Organized Crime ..............................................536
19
Criminal Activities of Gangs and Other Dangerous Groups ............................................578
20
Terrorism and Homeland Security ......................................................................................612
21
Preparing for and Presenting Cases in Court ....................................................................644
|v
vi | BRIEF CONTENTS
Appendixes | 669
Appendix A: Patrol Crime Scene Management Checklist ..........................................................669
Appendix B: Washington, DC, Metropolitan Police Department Homicide
Case Review Solvability Chart ....................................................................................................671
Appendix C: Sudden In-Custody Death: An Investigator’s Checklist .......................................673
Appendix D: Death Scene Checklist...............................................................................................677
Appendix E: Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Cold Case Solvability Criteria ......681
Appendix F: Sample Form for Reporting Bias Crime....................................................................683
Glossary ..............................................................................................................................................685
Author Index .......................................................................................................................................699
Subject Index .....................................................................................................................................703
CCoonntteennttss
PREFACE xix Citizens | 27
Witnesses | 27
Section 1 | INTRODUCTION 2 Victims | 28
Witnesses, Victims and the Media | 28
1 Criminal Investigation: An Overview 4 Major-Case Task Forces | 29
Law Enforcement Resources | 29
Criminal Investigation Defi nitions | 6 Federal Law Enforcement Resources | 29
Other Terms Defi ned | 6 INTERPOL | 30
Goals of Criminal Investigations | 7 Avoiding Civil Liability | 30
Basic Functions | 8 Summary | 32
Characteristics of an Effective Investigator | 9 Checklist | 32
Intellectual Characteristics | 9
Discussion Questions | 33
Psychological Characteristics | 11
Media Explorations | 33
Physical Characteristics | 12
Internet | 33
An Overview of the Investigative Process | 12
Crime and Evidence in Action | 34
The Preliminary Investigation: Basic Considerations | 13
References | 34
The Initial Response | 13
Cases Cited | 35
The Point of Arrival | 14
Setting Priorities | 14
Section 2 | BASIC INVESTIGATIVE
Handling Emergency Situations | 14
Protecting the Crime Scene | 15 RESPONSIBILITIES 36
Conducting the Preliminary Investigation | 16
2
Crime Scene Investigators | 18 Documenting the Crime Scene: Note
The Follow-Up Investigation | 19 Taking, Photographing and Sketching 38
Computer-Aided Investigation | 21
Field Notes: The Basics | 40
Crime Analysis, Mapping and Geographical
When to Take Notes | 40
Information Systems | 21
What to Record | 41
Data Mining | 22
Where to Record Notes | 42
Problem-Oriented Policing | 22
How to Take Notes | 42
Investigative Productivity | 23
Characteristics of Effective Notes | 43
The Investigative Function: The Responsibility of All
Filing Notes | 43
Police Personnel | 23
Admissibility of Notes in Court | 43
Interrelationships with Others—Community Policing | 25
Investigative Photography: An Overview | 44
Uniformed Patrol | 25
Advantages and Disadvantages of Photographs | 44
Dispatchers | 25
Advantages and Disadvantages of Video | 44
Prosecutor’s Staff | 26
Basic Photographic Equipment | 45
Defense Counsel | 26
Physicians, Coroners and Medical Examiners | 26 Training in and Using Investigative Photography | 48
Forensic Crime Laboratories | 27 Digital Cameras | 48
|vii
viii | CONTENTS
What to Photograph or Videotape | 48 Characteristics of Effective Reports: Content
Photographing Injuries | 49 and Form | 75
Errors to Avoid | 49 Taping and Dictating Reports | 85
Photo Logs and Checklists | 49
Computerized Report Writing | 86
Types of Investigative Photography | 50
Evaluating Your Report | 86
Surveillance Photography | 50
Citizen Online Report Writing | 87
Aerial Photography | 51
The Final Report | 87
Night Photography | 51
Laboratory Photography | 51 A Final Note on the Importance of Well-Written
Reports | 88
Mug Shots | 53
Lineup Photographs | 53 Summary | 90
Identifying, Filing and Maintaining Security Checklist | 90
of Evidence | 53 Discussion Questions | 90
Identifying | 53
Media Explorations | 90
Filing | 54
Internet | 90
Maintaining Security | 54
Crime and Evidence in Action | 90
Admissibility of Photographs in Court | 54
References | 91
Authenticating Digital Images | 54
Cases Cited | 91
Crime Scene Sketches: An Overview | 55
The Rough Sketch | 55 4 Searches 92
Sketching Materials | 56
Steps in Sketching the Crime Scene | 56 Legal Searches and the Fourth Amendment | 94
Step One: Observe and Plan | 56 Basic Limitations on Searches | 94
Step Two: Measure Distances and Outline The Exclusionary Rule | 94
the Area | 56 The Inevitable Discovery Exception | 95
Step Three: Plot Objects and Evidence | 59 The Good Faith Exception | 95
Step Four: Take Notes and Record Details | 60 Justifi cation for Reasonable Searches | 95
Step Five: Identify the Scene | 62 Search with a Warrant | 95
Step Six: Reassess the Sketch | 62 Search with Consent | 99
File the Sketch | 62 Patdown or Frisk during a “Stop” | 100
The Finished Scale Drawing | 63 Search Following an Arrest | 100
Computer-Assisted Drawing | 64 Search in an Emergency Situation | 101
Warrantless Searches of Vehicles | 102
Admissibility of Sketches and Drawings
in Court | 66 The Crime Scene Search | 104
Organizing the Crime Scene Search | 104
Summary | 67
Physical Evidence | 106
Checklists | 68
Search Patterns | 106
Discussion Questions | 69
Exterior Searches | 106
Media Explorations | 69
Interior Searches | 108
Internet | 69
General Guidelines | 109
Crime and Evidence in Action | 69
Plain-Sense Evidence | 109
References | 69
Other Types of Investigatory Searches | 110
Building Searches | 110
3 Trash or Garbage Can Searches | 111
Writing Effective Reports 70
Vehicle Searches | 111
The Importance of Reports | 72 Suspect Searches | 112
Dead Body Searches | 113
Uses of Reports | 73
Underwater Searches | 114
The Audience | 74
Use of Dogs in a Search | 114
Common Problems with Many Police
Warrant Checklist | 115
Reports | 74
A Reminder | 115
The Well-Written Report: From Start to Finish | 75
Organizing Information | 75 Summary | 116
Structuring the Narrative | 75 Checklist | 116
CONTENTS | ix
Discussion Questions | 116 Checklist | 167
Media Explorations | 117 Discussion Questions | 167
Internet | 117 Media Explorations | 167
Crime and Evidence in Action | 117 Internet | 167
References | 117 Crime and Evidence in Action | 168
Cases Cited | 118 References | 168
A Helpful Resource | 119 Cases Cited | 169
5
Forensics/Physical Evidence 120 6
Obtaining Information and Intelligence 170
Defi nitions | 122
Sources of Information | 172
Investigative Equipment | 123 Reports, Records and Databases | 172
Selecting Equipment | 125 The Internet | 173
Equipment Containers | 125 Victims, Complainants and Witnesses | 173
Transporting Equipment | 125 Informants | 174
Training in Equipment Use | 126 Suspects | 175
Crime Scene Integrity and Contamination Interviewing and Interrogating | 176
of Evidence | 126
Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer/
Processing Evidence: Maintaining the Chain of Custody Interrogator | 177
from Discovery to Disposal | 127 Enhancing Communication | 177
Discovering or Recognizing Evidence | 127 Effective Questioning Techniques | 178
Collecting, Marking and Identifying Evidence | 128
The Interview | 180
Packaging and Preserving Evidence | 129
Advance Planning | 180
Transporting Evidence | 130
Selecting the Time and Place | 180
Protecting and Storing Evidence | 130
Beginning the Interview | 181
Exhibiting Evidence in Court | 133
Establishing Rapport | 181
Final Disposition of Evidence | 134
Networking an Interview | 181
Frequently Examined Evidence | 135 Avoiding Contaminating the Interview | 182
Fingerprints | 135 Statements | 183
Voiceprints | 141 Closing the Interview | 183
Language Analysis | 142
The Interrogation | 184
Human DNA Profi ling | 142
The Miranda Warning | 184
Blood and Other Body Fluids | 148
The “Question First” or “Beachheading” Technique | 187
Scent | 150
The Interplay of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments | 188
Hairs and Fibers | 150
Foreign Nationals, the Vienna Convention Treaty and
Shoe and Tire Impressions | 152
Diplomatic Immunity | 189
Bite Marks | 153
Selecting the Time and Place | 189
Tools and Tool Marks | 154
Starting the Interrogation | 189
Firearms and Ammunition | 155
Establishing Rapport | 190
Glass | 157
Approaches to Interrogation | 190
Soils and Minerals | 158
Using Persuasion during Interrogation | 191
Safe Insulation | 159
Ethics and the Use of Deception | 192
Ropes, Strings and Tapes | 160
Third-Degree Tactics | 193
Drugs | 160
Admissions and Confessions | 193
Weapons of Mass Destruction | 160
Questioning Children and Juveniles | 195
Documents | 161
Evaluating and Corroborating Information | 196
Digital Evidence | 162
Breaking a “Pat” Story | 196
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Marks | 163
Paint | 163 Scientifi c Aids to Obtaining and Evaluating Information | 196
Skeletal Remains | 163 The Polygraph and Voice Stress Tests | 197
Wood | 163 Hypnosis and Truth Serums | 198
Other Types of Evidence | 163 Use of Psychics and Profi lers | 199
Evidence Handling and Infectious Disease | 164 Sharing Information | 199
Summary | 166 Information versus Intelligence | 201