Criminal Behavior PDF
Preview Criminal Behavior
Criminal Behavior Second Edition Criminal Behavior Second Edition Elaine Cassel Lord Fairfax Community College Douglas A. Bernstein University of South Florida University of Southampton, UK LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS 2007 Mahwah, New Jersey London Pearson Education, Inc. previously published this work Copyright © 2007 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 www.erlbaum.com Cover design by Tomai Maridou Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cassel, Elaine. Criminal behavior / Elaine Cassel, Douglas A. Bernstein. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8058-4892-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Criminal behavior—United States. 2. Criminal psychology—United States. 3. Criminal justice, Administration of—United States. 4. Juvenile justice, Administration of—United States. I. Bernstein, Douglas A. II. Title. HV6105.C37 2006 364.3—dc22 2006011746 To my students, teachers, and clients, who have taught me about psychology and the law—EC To my sister, Ann Bernstein Harris—DB Table of Contents Preface xi About the Authors xiii 1 What Is Crime? 1 Crime as a Legal Concept 2 The Sociology of Crime 4 The Politics of Crime 6 The Morality of Crime 8 The Classification of Crimes 8 The Statistics of Crime 9 Methods for Studying Criminal Behavior 11 Criminals and Criminal Behavior 12 Summary 13 Key Terms 14 Questions for Review 14 Track It Down 14 2 The Criminal Justice System 15 Overview of the Criminal Justice System 15 Dealing With Special Defendants 19 Law Enforcement Officers 26 Prosecutors 28 Defense Attorneys 29 Juries 30 Judges 36 Summary 37 Key Terms 37 Questions for Review 37 Track It Down 38 3 The Juvenile Justice System 39 The Juvenile Justice Process 41 The Psycho-Legal Status of Juvenile Offenders 43 Juvenile Justice Applied: The Case of Ronald 45 The Future of Juvenile Justice 47 Summary 53 vii viii Contents Key Terms 53 Questions for Review 53 Track It Down 54 4 Biological Roots of Crime 55 Physical Appearance and Crime 55 Evolution and Crime 57 Genes and Crime 58 Crime and the Brain 62 Hormones and Crime 68 Alcohol, Drugs, and Crime 69 Summary 74 Key Terms 74 Questions for Review 75 Track It Down 75 5 Psychological Roots of Crime 77 Personality and Crime 77 Traits and Crime 78 Psychodynamics and Crime 80 Learning and Crime 85 Cognition and Crime 88 Personality Disorders and Crime 92 Summary 95 Key Terms 97 Questions for Review 97 Track It Down 97 6 Social and Environmental Roots of Crime 99 Social Origins of Human Aggression and Violence 100 Social Cognition, Social Behavior, and Crime 106 The Environmental Roots of Crime 111 The Ecology of Crime 117 Summary 124 Key Terms 124 Questions for Review 125 Track It Down 125 7 The Development of Crime From Early Childhood to Adolescence 127 Pathways to Crime 129 Biological Influences on the Development of Criminal Behavior 130 Developmental Disorders and Crime 135 Learning to Be—or Not to Be—a Criminal 139 Family Influences on Criminal Behavior 141 Putting It All in Perspective 148 Summary 148 Contents ix Key Terms 149 Questions for Review 149 Track It Down 149 8 The Development of Crime From Adolescence to Adulthood 151 Adolescence: Challenges and Risks 152 Choosing Crime: Moral Development and Social Influence 153 Gender Differences in the Development of Criminal Behavior 154 Conduct Disorder and the Development of Criminal Behavior 156 Substance Abuse and the Development of Criminal Behavior 156 Gangs, Guns, and the Development of Criminal Behavior 159 Declining Family Influence and Criminal Behavior 165 School Failure and the Development of Criminal Behavior 165 Pathways to Adult Crime 167 Summary 168 Key Terms 169 Questions for Review 169 Track It Down 170 9 Mental Disorders and Crime 171 What Is Mental Disorder? 172 Specific Mental Disorders and Crime 173 Diagnostic Foundations for an Insanity Plea 178 Factors Contributing to Criminal Behavior Among the Mentally Ill 180 Mental Health Courts 184 Summary 185 Key Terms 185 Questions for Review 185 Track It Down 186 10 Violent Crimes 187 Robbery 187 Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter 189 Aggravated Assault and Domestic Violence 196 Hate Crimes 200 Sex Crimes 204 Summary 210 Key Terms 211 Questions for Review 211 Track It Down 212 11 Economic and Property Crimes 213 Arson 213 Burglary, Larceny, and Auto Theft 216 Fraud 219 Occupational Crime 221
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