Crimes Against Nature: Environmental Criminology and Ecological Justice PDF
Preview Crimes Against Nature: Environmental Criminology and Ecological Justice
Crimes Against Nature Crimes Against Nature Environmental criminology and ecological justice Rob White Published by Willan Publishing Culmcott House Mill Street, Uffculme Cullompton, Devon EX15 3AT, UK Tel: +44(0)1884 840337 Fax: +44(0)1884 840251 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.willanpublishing.co.uk Published simultaneously in the USA and Canada by Willan Publishing c/o ISBS, 920 NE 58th Ave, Suite 300, Portland, Oregon 97213-3786, USA Tel: +001(0)503 287 3093 Fax: +001(0)503 280 8832 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.isbs.com © Rob White 2008 The rights of Rob White to be identified as the author of this book have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988. All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting copying in the UK issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. First published 2008 ISBN 978-1-84392-361-9 paperback 978-1-84392-362-6 hardback British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by GCS, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire Printed and bound by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall Contents List of boxes, case studies and figures ix Preface xiii Part I Green Theoretical Perspectives 1 1 Criminology and environmental harm 3 Introduction 3 Environmental/green criminology 6 Theoretical frameworks of environmental criminology 14 Tasks of environmental criminology 27 Conclusion: where to from here? 30 2 Social constructions of environmental problems 32 Introduction 32 Social construction of environmental issues 35 Media reporting on the environment 41 Human interests and environmental problems 46 Conclusion: where to from here? 52 3 Environmental risk and the precautionary principle 54 Introduction 54 Dimensions of risk 56 From risk to precaution 64 Risk assessment and risk management 71 Deliberative democracy and social participation 77 Conclusion: where to from here? 82 Crimes Against Nature Part II Environmental Crime 85 4 Dimensions of environmental crime 87 Introduction 87 Defining environmental harm 88 Categorising environmental harm 92 Measuring crimes, measuring consequences 103 Conclusion: where to from here? 112 5 Transnational environmental crime 115 Introduction 115 The problem of waste 116 Waste as a social phenomenon 126 The problem of biodiversity 133 Conclusion: where to from here? 142 6 Explaining environmental harm 144 Introduction 144 Class and corporations 145 Capitalism, population and technology 149 Sustainable development and commodity production 153 Resource colonisation and new market creation 156 Privatisation, commodification and consumption 161 Licit and illicit markets 172 Conclusion: where to from here? 176 Part III Responding to Environmental Harm 179 7 Environmental law enforcement 181 Introduction 181 Prosecuting environmental crime 183 Limitations of criminal prosecution 191 Policing and environmental law enforcement 196 Conclusion: where to from here? 207 8 Environmental regulation 209 Introduction 209 Systems and models of regulation 210 Political context of environmental regulation 217 Social power and environmental regulation 228 Conclusion: where to from here? 232 i Contents 9 Environmental crime prevention 234 Introduction 234 Environmental crime prevention 235 Harm associated with fishing 241 Issues for environmental crime prevention 251 Conclusion: where to from here? 255 10 Global environmental issues and socio-legal intervention 256 Introduction 256 Global institutions and the neo-liberal agenda 257 Working with and against the corporations 265 Contesting the global commons 268 Conclusion: where to from here? 279 References 282 Index 302 ii List of boxes, case studies and figures Boxes 1.1 What’s in a name? 6 1.2 Environmental injustice as a social good? 16 1.3 Tasks of environmental criminology 27 2.1 The science of environmental harm 33 2.2 The contingent nature of environmental problems 38 2.3 Depleted uranium and environmental harm 48 3.1 Direct and indirect discrimination 58 4.1 Abalone theft as a significant environmental crime 95 4.2 Dioxins and the spatial dynamics of environmental harm 103 5.1 Waste dumping in Abidjan 118 5.2 Recycle shipyards 120 5.3 International responses to waste 128 6.1 Legal fictions relating to corporations 146 6.2 Zambia rejects GM crops 159 6.3 Environmental harm, water and transnational corporations 168 7.1 Strategic law enforcement approaches to abalone theft 199 7.2 Social research into police work on environmental issues 204 7.3 Determinants of the quality of enforcement 207 ix
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