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CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION C R I METHODS AND PROCEDURES M E S C E “I believe this is an essential handbook for all crime scene N E investigation students. I am confident that many practitioners also I N will find it a useful source of reference. I have no hesitation in V E commending this volume as a valuable standard text for crime scene S T examiners.” G.C. Knupfer, Former Detective Chief Superintendent and I G Dean of Studies, National Training Centre for Scientific Support to A T Crime Investigation, UK IO N M Forensic evidence is increasingly significant in the detection and E prosecution of crime. This means that the knowledge, skill and ability T H of the person who examines the scene of the crime – the Crime Scene O D Investigator (CSI) – has never been more important. S A N This book guides aspiring and newly appointed CSIs through the D methods and procedures for the accurate recording and recovery P R of evidence from the scene of a crime. It features photographs, O C drawings, self-assessment questions, and checklists of roles, E D equipment and activities required at the crime scene, providing the U student or trainee CSI with a step-by-step handbook and the R E practising CSI with an invaluable reference. The book also offers a S broad understanding of the development and context within which a modern CSI must work as an integral member of investigative teams. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONis essential reading for all students of forensic law enforcement, especially those wishing to become Crime Scene Investigators. The text is ideal for undergraduate and FE students and as a reference for trainee forensic practitioners. IAN PEPPERis a Senior Lecturer in Crime Scene and Forensic I Science based in the School of Science and Technology at the A N University of Teesside. He is a former Crime Scene Examiner and K Fingerprint Officer and has been an Instructor and Team Leader at the . P National Training Centre for Scientific Support to Crime Investigation. E P He has designed and delivered Crime Scene Investigator training in P E the Far East, Middle East and Africa and is a member of the R International Association for Identification and the Fingerprint Society. Cover Design: Grosvenor (Northampton) Ltd Crime Scene Investigation Crime Scene Investigation Methods and Procedures Ian K. Pepper Open University Press OpenUniversityPress McGraw-HillEducation McGraw-HillHouse ShoppenhangersRoad Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email:[email protected] world wideweb:www.openup.co.uk and TwoPennPlaza,NewYork,NY10121–2289,USA Firstpublished2005 Copyright #IanK.Pepper 2005 All rightsreserved.Exceptforthe quotationofshortpassagesfor the purposesof criticism andreview,nopartofthispublicationmay bereproduced,storedin a retrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyfor,orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher oralicencefromtheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLimited.Detailsofsuchlicences (for reprographicreproduction)maybeobtainedfrom theCopyright Licensing Agency Ltdof90 TottenhamCourtRoad, London,W1T4LP. A cataloguerecordofthisbookisavailablefrom theBritishLibrary ISBN 0335214908(pb)0335214916(hb) LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData CIP dataappliedfor TypesetbyYHT Ltd,London Printed inthe UKbyMPGBooksLtd, Bodmin,Cornwall Contents Abbreviations vi Introduction xi Dedication x 1 Thehistoryandcontemporary structureof thepolice,scientific services andcrimesceneinvestigationintheUnitedKingdom 1 2 Approachingthecrimescene,packagingtheevidenceandthe documentationrequired 13 3 Thebasicsof crimescenephotography 26 4 Traceevidence:fibres,glass, hairs,paintandsoil 39 5 Impressions:footwearmarks, instrumentmarks, glovemarksandtyres 48 6 DeoxyribonucleicAcid (DNA)andbodyfluids 57 7 Fingerprints 68 8 Theinvestigationof afirescene 92 9 Firearms andexplosives 99 10 Theleadershipandmanagement oftheforensicexaminationof a major crimescene 109 11 Other sourcesof evidenceforthecrimesceneinvestigator 124 12 TheCriminal LawCourtsintheUnitedKingdom 140 13 Organizationsrelatedto crimesceneinvestigation 149 14 Healthandsafetyatacrimescene 156 Answers toquestions 164 References 170 Index 175 Abbreviations Like any large organization the police service has developed its own ‘lan- guage’ that may be confusing to an aspiring or new forensic practitioner. Listed here are some common abbreviations and what they stand for; how- ever, thisisnot anexhaustive list. ACE-V analysed, compared,evaluatedandverified ACPO AssociationofChiefPolice Officers AIB Accident InvestigationBranch ALF Animal LiberationFront ARV ArmedResponseVehicle ASA AmericanStandardsAssociation ASCLD AmericanSocietyofCrimeLaboratoryDirectors BTP BritishTransportPolice CAP CommonApproachPath CBRN chemical,biological,radiologicalandnuclear CID CriminalInvestigation Department CJA CriminalJustice Act1967 CJPO CriminalJustice andPublicOrderAct1995 CJSU CriminalJustice SupportUnit COSHH ControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealth CPA CrimePattern Analyst CPO CrimePrevention/ReductionOfficer CPS Crown ProsecutionService CRFP CouncilfortheRegistrationofForensicPractitioners CRO CriminalRecords Office CSE crime sceneexaminer(as CSI) CSI crime sceneinvestigator CSM crime scenemanager DFO Diazafluoren-9-One DNA DeoxyribonucleicAcid EOD ExplosivesOrdnance Disposal ESDA Electrostaticdetectionapparatus ESLA electrostaticliftingapparatus ABBREVIATIONS vii FAIR ForensicAfterIncidentReview FBI FederalBureauofInvestigation FDL FingerprintDevelopmentLaboratory FDR firearmsdischarge residue FIO ForceIntelligenceOfficer FIT FireInvestigation Team FLINTS ForceLinked IntelligenceSystem FLO familyliaisonofficer FME forensicmedicalexaminer FSAG ForensicSearchAdvisoryGroup FSS ForensicScienceService GPS globalpositioningsystem GRIM GlassRefractiveIndexMeasurement HMIC HerMajesty’sInspectorateofConstabulary HOLMES HomeOfficeLargeMajorEnquirySystem HSE HealthandSafety Executive IAFIS IntegratedAutomaticFingerprintIdentificationSystem IAI InternationalAssociationforIdentification Interpol InternationalCriminalPoliceOrganization ISO InternationalStandardsOrganization JP JusticeofthePeace KM KastleMayer LCNDNA lowcopynumberDNA LGC LaboratoryofGovernmentChemists LIO LocalIntelligence Officer LMG leucomalachitegreen LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide MDAT MajorDisasterAdvisoryTeam Met MetropolitanPolice MLP multilocusprobe MODPolice MinistryofDefencePolice NAFIS NationalAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem NCIS NationalCriminalIntelligenceService NCOF NationalCrimeandOperationsFaculty NCS NationalCrimeSquad viii ABBREVIATIONS NHTCU NationalHi-Tec CrimeUnit NSLEC NationalSpecialist LawEnforcementCentre NTCSSCI NationalTraining CentreforScientificSupporttoCrime Investigation PACE Police andCriminal EvidenceAct 1984 PCR polymerasechainreaction PITO Police InformationTechnologyOrganization PM post-mortem examination PNC Police NationalComputer POLSA police searchadviser PPE personalprotectiveequipment PSDB Police ScientificDevelopment Branch PSNI Police ServiceofNorthernIreland PSSO Police SkillsandStandardsOrganization RAFP Royal AirForce Police RCMP Royal CanadianMountedPolice RMP Royal MilitaryPolice R v Reginaversus RVP rendezvouspoint SB Special Branch SGM second generationmultiplex SICAR shoeprintimagecaptureandretrieval SIDS SuddenInfant DeathSyndrome SIO SeniorInvestigatingPolice Officer SLP singlelocusprobe SLR SingleLens Reflex SOCA Serious andOrganized CrimeAgency SOCO scenes ofcrimeofficer(as CSI) SSC scientific supportcoordinator SSM scientific supportManager STR shorttandemrepeat TGM thirdgenerationmultiplex TSU TechnicalSupportUnit TTL throughthelens UV ultraviolet VCSI volume crimesceneinvestigator VIPER VideoIdentification ParadeElectronicRecording Introduction There are three elements that are important in the investigation of a crime: thehistoryleadingtotheoffencetakingplace,thecrimesceneitselfandthe skillsofthoseinvestigatingtheevent.Withtheever-increasingimportanceof forensic evidence in the detection and prosecution of crime the knowledge, skillsandabilitiesofthosewhoexaminethescenesofcrimes,thecrimescene investigators,hasneverbeenmore important. As an operational crime scene investigator (CSI) within an urban police force in the United Kingdom (UK) I attended in the region of 9000 crime scenesrangingfrommultiplemurdersandrobberiestoburglariesandstolen vehicles. I have also been privileged to work as a fingerprint examiner in a largeFingerprintBureaumakinganumberoffingerprintidentificationsfrom finger marks recovered from crime scenes by CSIs. As a lecturer and team leader at the National Training Centre for Scientific Support to Crime In- vestigation I have delivered training in the investigation of crime scenes acrosstheUK,FarEast,MiddleEastandAfrica.NowasauniversitylecturerI educatetheCSIsofthefuture. The investigation of a crime is like putting together a jigsaw. No one personhasallthepiecesbutsomeofthekeyshapescanbefoundatthecrime scene.ThereisonlyoneopportunityfortheCSItorecoverforensicevidence fromthesceneofthecrime.Theevidencemaybeofascientificnaturesuchas DNA or unique marks on bullets; it may be minute such as fibres, hairs or paintflakes,orevenobscuresuchasknotsordiatoms.Whateverthetypeof evidence the CSIs are at the forefront of the investigation and if they don’t recover the evidence then a forensic specialist cannot identify from where andwhomit came. ThistextguidesanaspiringornewlyappointedCSIthroughthemethods andproceduresfortheaccuraterecordingandrecoveryofevidencefromthe sceneofacrime,whilstprovidingabroadunderstandingofthedevelopment and context within which a modern CSI must operate effectively as an in- tegralmemberofinvestigativeteams.