Crime Control as Industry PDF
Preview Crime Control as Industry
CRIME CONTROL AS INDUSTRY CRIME CONTROL AS INDUSTRY Towards GULAGS, Western Style Nils Christie UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Third edition Firsptu blishienEd n gliisnh1 993 Seconadn de nlargeeddi ti1o9n9 4 Thiredd iti2o0n0 0 byR outledge 2P arkS quarMei,l toPna rkA,b ingdoOnx,o nO XI44 RN Simultaneopuusbllyi shientd h eU SA andC anada byR outledge 711T hirAvde nue, NYeowr kN,Y 10017 Routlieasdn ig mep roitfnh Ttea ylForra nGcriosu p, & ani riforbmuas iness PublishienNd o rwaya sK riminalitetsskoomni tnrdoulslit nr1 i9 93 byU niversitetsfOosrlloa get, © 199N3i lCsh ristie Thise ditiiospn r eparfeodrp ublishbiynS gc andinavUinainv ersPirteys Oss,l o CoverA:s triEd.J 0rgensen Allr ighrtess ervNeod p.a rotf t hibso okm ayb er eprinotrer de produced oru tiliiznea dn yf ormo rb ya nye lectronic, meocroh tahneimrce aaln sn,o w knowno rh ereaftienrv entiendc,l udpihnogt ocopyainndgr ecordionrgi ,n anyi nformatsitoonr aogrer etriesvyaslt ewmi,t hopuet rmissiino n writifnrgo mt hep ublishers. BritLiisbhr aCrayt alogiunPi unbgl icaDtaitoan A catalogrueec orfdo rt hibso oki sa vailafbrloemt heB ritiLsihb rary. of n e LibrarCyo grssC ataloigniP nugb licaDtaitoan A catalroegc orfdo rt hibso oki sa vailafbrloemt heL ibraorfyC ongress. ISBN9 78-0-415-23487-0 ToI vaInl lich Preface to the third edition This book is heavily revised.1 The Figure in this preface tells why. It shows the number of prisoners in the USA from 1945 to 1999 per 100,000 inhabitants. The long solid line gives the numbers in State and Federal institutions, the dotted line is where jails are also included. Prisoners in State and Federal institutions per 100,000 resident population in USA 1945-1999. And total incarceration rate 1985-1999. 800 700 600 Prisoners in State and Federal institutions 500 Total incarceration rate 1985-1999. including inmates in local jails 400 300 200 100 0 There are three arrows pointing to the curve, indicating the years for the writing and the rewriting of this book: In 1991 - time of the first writing - the total US figures had reached the alarming level of 1,219,014 prisoners, or 482 per 100,000 inhabitants. In 1993 - time for work on the second edition - the figures were 1,369,185 or 537 per 100,000 inhabitants. A question mark was attached to the sub- title of the first edition of this book: "Towards GULAGS, Western Style?" In the second edition, I deleted the question mark. At the end of 1999 the USA has an estimated 1,934,532 prisoners, which equals 709 per 100,000 inhabitants. In February 2000 - when this third edition goes to print - the USA prison population hits the two million mark.2 The Russian development is similar, as documented in Chapters 3 and 6. What was alarming in 1991, has developed into a catastrophe at the turn of the century. To keep track of these and other developments, I have reorganized and rewritten large parts of the book. Two completely new chapters are included, one on "Penal Geography", the other on "The Russian Case". Chapters 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 are considerably altered, the old Chapter 10 has been removed, while the remaining chapters stand as is. I have not increased the format. In the Icelandic Sagas, they wrote as they talked, and stopped before their (imagined) listeners fell asleep. This is a valuable tradition. Oslo, February 2000 N.C. 1 Thanks to Ragnhild Hennum for invaluable assistance in this whole process. Thanks to Anne Turner for gentle help with the intricacies of English. Thanks to Marit Hatleskog and Rigmor Berget for help and encouragement in the editorial process. And thanks to Hedda for all. 2 Los Angeles Times Service, February 16, 2000 - based on data from Justice Policy Institute, Washington. Contents Prefatcoet het hierddi tion .. .... 7 .................................................. Chapt1e rE fifcieyn acndd ecenyc ..............................1..3. . Chapt2e rT hee yeo fG od ........................................1..9. ..... 2.1A lall one.. ...............................................1.9.. ...................... 2.2T hes trang.e.r. .......................2.0. ........................................ 2.3W herec rime dnooetse xis.t.. .......................................2.. 1 2.4A nu nlimistuepdpo lfyc rim.e.. ................................2..3. .... Chapt3e rP enagle ograph..y.. ..............................2... 5.. ....... 3.1M apso fp ai.n. ...........................................2.5.. .................... 3.2E urop-eW est .........................................................2..6. .... 3.3E urop-eC entraanld E ast. .....................................2.8.. ..... 3.4A mericaN-orth.. .......................................................3..1.. . 3.5A meri-caC entraanld S outh.. .......................................3. 6 3.6T hei mportaoncfte h ougphatt ter..n..s... .........................3 8 Chapt4e rW hy aret herseo f ewp risoner..s.?. .......4 .1. ... 4.1 Encounteirnts h em ountai.n.s. ...............4.1. ...................... 4.2W aitifnogrp ain. ......................4.4. ..................................... 4.3T heg oodo ldd ay-s thewye ret errib.l.e. .......4.6. .............. 4.4P olitiidceanlt ific.a.t.i.o.n. ..............4.9. ................................ 4.5T heB alttiecs t. .......................5.4. ...................................... 4.6T oleranfcreo ma bov.e. ...........................56 ... . . .. ... .. . ..... . .. . ...
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